Wikipedia

Ditlamorago tsa go fetoga ga seemo sa loapi mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo

Go fetoga ga tlelaemete go amile ka tsela e e sa siamang tikologo ya mo lefatsheng le ya mo lewatleng, go akaretsa dithota tsa tundra, ditlhare tsa mangrove, dikorale le magaga. Go tlhatloga ga themperetšha ya lefatshe, go nna teng ga maemo a bosa a a sa tlwaelegang gantsi le go tlhatloga ga metsi a lewatle ke dikai tsa ditlamorago tse di masisi tsa go fetoga ga tlelaemete. Ditlamorago tse di ka nnang gone tsa ditlamorago tseno di akaretsa go fokotsega ga mefuta ya ditshedi le go nyelela ga tsone, go fetoga ga ditsamaiso tsa tikologo, go oketsega ga mefuta ya ditshedi tse di tsenang mo nageng, go fetoga ga dikgwa go tswa mo go nneng metswedi ya khabone, go nna botlhole ga mawatle, go senyega ga modikologo wa metsi le go oketsega ga masetlapelo a tlholego

Ecosystems ya dikgwa tsa pula di humile ka mefutafuta ya ditshedi. Eno ke Noka ya Gambia mo Parakeng ya Bosetšhaba ya Niokolo-Koba kwa Senegal.

Kakaretso

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Pego ya Bosupa ya Tlhatlhobo ya IPCC (2021) e tlhagisa koketsego e kgolo ka iketlo mo palong (di-bar tse di tlhamaletseng) le maatla (di-bertical) a ditiragalo tsa maemo a bosa a a feteletseng, go oketsa maemo a go gotela ga lefatshe.[1]

Go fetoga ga tlelaemete go ama di-ecoregions tsa lefatshe. Go oketsega ga themperetšha ya lefatshe go raya gore ditsamaiso tsa tikologo di a fetoga; mefuta mengwe ya ditshedi e patelediwa go tswa mo mafelong a tsone (gongwe go nyelela) ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga maemo. Sekai ke go fuduga. Ka ntlha ya maemo a bosa a a bothitho, dinonyane di patelesega go fudugela kwa dinageng di sele. Ditlamorago tse dingwe tsa go gotela ga lefatshe di akaretsa go wa ga kapoko go le gonnye, go tlhatloga ga metsi a lewatle, go tlhaela ga ozone le go fetoga ga maemo a bosa. Seno se ka ama ditiro tsa batho le tikologo.[2]

Mo pegong ya IV Assessment Report ya IPCC, baitse ba ne ba sekaseka dibuka ka ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo. Rosenzweig et al. (2007) ba ne ba swetsa ka gore mo dingwageng di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng, go gotela go go bakilweng ke batho go ka tswa go nnile le tlhotlheletso e e bonalang mo dithulaganyong di le dintsi tsa mmele le tsa ditshedi (p. 81). Schneider et al. (2007) ba ne ba swetsa, ka tshepo e e kwa godimo thata, gore maemo a themperetšha a kgaolo a setse a amile mefuta ya ditshedi le ditsamaiso tsa tikologo go ralala lefatshe (p. 792).[3] Gape ba ne ba swetsa ka gore phetogo ya tlelaemete e tla felela ka go nyelela ga mefuta e mentsi ya ditshedi le go fokotsega ga mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditsamaiso tsa tikologo (p. 792).

  • Tikologo ya lefatshe le mefutafuta ya ditshedi: Ka go gotela ga 4-5 °C, go ya ka maêmo a 2010, go ka direga gore dimela tsa lefatshe lotlhe di tla nna motswedi wa khabone (Schneider et al., 2007:792). Ka Tshepho ya eno godimo, Schneider et al. (2007:788) ba ne ba fetsa ka gore fa selekanyo sa megote ya lefatshe lotlhe e ka oketsega ka 4 °C (go feta ya 2010/ 2015) ka 2100, seo se tla dira gore go nne le go nyelela mo gogolo mo lefatsheng lotlhe.
  • Ecosystems ya metsi a a se nang letswai: Kwa godimo ga koketsego ya 4 °C ya themperetšha ya lefatshe ka 2100 (go ya ka 2010), baitsesaense ba ne ba swetsa, ka tshepo e e kwa godimo, gore mefuta e mentsi ya metsi a se nang metsi a a phepa e tla nyelela kgotsa e tla nyelele thata.

Ditshedi tse di farologaneng

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Go Nyelela

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Fa ba ntse ba ithuta ka kamano fa gare ga tlelaemete ya Lefatshe le go nyelela ga batho mo dingwageng di le dimilione di le 520 tse di fetileng, baitsesaense ba Yunibesithi ya York ba kwala jaana, "Dithemperetšha tsa lefatshe tse di boleletsweng pele mo makgolong a dingwaga a a tlang di ka nna tsa dira gore go nne le 'tiragalo e ntšha ya go nyelela ka bontsi', e mo go yone diperesente tse di fetang 50 tsa mefuta ya diphologolo le dimela di tla nyelediwang".

Bontsi jwa mefuta e e mo kotsing ke diphologolo tsa Arctic le Antarctic tse di jaaka dibera tsa polar le di-emperor penguin. Kwa Arctic, metsi a Hudson Bay ga a na aese dibeke di le tharo go feta dingwaga di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng, go ama dibera tsa polar, tse di ratang go tsoma mo aeseng ya lewatle.[4] Ditshedi tse di ikaegileng ka maemo a bosa a a tsididi jaaka gyrfalcons, le dinonyane tsa kapoko tse di jang lemmings tse di dirisang mariga a a tsidi go ba solegela molemo di ka amega ka tsela e e sa siamang.[5][6] Diphologolo tse di se nang lerapo la mokwatla tsa lewatle di kgona go gola thata mo dithemperetšheng tse di tlwaetseng, mme diphologolo tsa madi a a tsididi tse di fitlhelwang mo latitudes tse di kwa godimo le kwa bogodimong ka kakaretso di gola ka bonako go duelela paka e khutshwane ya go gola. Maemo a a bothitho go feta a a siameng a felela ka go tlhabololwa ga dijo go go kwa godimo le go fokotsega ga bogolo jwa mmele go sa kgathalesege go oketsega ga go batla dijo, e e oketsang kotsi ya go tlhaselwa. Eleruri, tota le go oketsega go le gonnye ga themperetšha ka nako ya tlhabololo go kgoreletsa bokgoni jwa go gola le selekanyo sa go tshela ga rainbow trout.

Mefuta e mentsi ya dimela le diphologolo tsa metsi a a se nang letswai le metsi a a letswai di ikaegile ka metsi a a tlamelwang ke dikgapetla go tlhomamisa lefelo la metsi a a tsididi le di tlwaetseng go nna mo go lone. Mefuta mengwe ya ditlhapi tsa metsi a a se nang letswai e tlhoka metsi a a tsididi go tshela le go tsala, mme seno se diragala thata ka di-salmon le di-cutthroat trout. Go fokotsega ga metsi a a tswang mo dikgapetleng go ka dira gore molatswana o se ka wa kgona go gola sentle go letlelela mefuta eno go gola. Ocean krill, mofuta wa motheo, o rata metsi a a tsididi mme ke motswedi wa konokono wa dijo tsa diamusi tsa metsi jaaka blue whale.[7] Diphetogo mo makhubu a lewatle, ka ntlha ya go oketsega ga metsi a a phepa go tswa mo go gakologeng ga dikgapetla, le diphetogo tse di ka nnang teng mo modikologong wa thermohaline wa mawatle a lefatshe, di ka ama go tshwara ditlhapi tse di leng teng tse batho ba ikaegileng ka tsone.

 
Di-reef tsa dikorale le tikologo ya ditlhapi tse di tshwanang le tseno, di tla nyelela fa di sa tlhokomelwe. Dikgato tsa rona tsa carbon di tla fedisa ditsala tsa rona tse dinnye fa re sa tseye kgato!

Nonyane e e bidiwang white lemuroid possum, e e fitlhelwang fela mo dikgweng tsa Daintree mo dithabeng tsa bokone jwa Queensland, e ka tswa e le yone e e ileng ya nyelela ka ntlha ya go gotela ga lefatshe kwa Australia. Ka 2008, opossum e tshweu ga e ise e ko e bonwe ka dingwaga tse di fetang tse tharo. Di-opossum ga di ka ke tsa kgona go falola dithemperetšha tse di kwa godimo ga 30 °C (86 °F), e leng se se neng sa direga ka 2005.

Patlisiso ya dingwaga di le 27 ya kolone e kgolo go di feta tsotlhe ya Magellanic penguins mo lefatsheng, e e gatisitsweng ka 2014, e fitlhetse gore maemo a bosa a a feteletseng a a bakilweng ke phetogo ya tlelaemete a bolaya 7% ya dikokwana tsa penguin ka ngwaga ka palogare, mme mo dingwageng dingwe go ithutilwe phetogo ya maemo a bosa e ne e le 50% ya dintsho tsotlhe tsa dikokwana.[8][9] Fa e sale ka 1987, palo ya dipara tse di tsalang mo koloning e fokotsegile ka 24%.[9]

Go Fetoga ga Boitshwaro

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Dithemperetšha tse di tlhatlogang di simolola go ama dinonyane, mme mefuta e ka nna 160 ya dirurubele go tswa kwa mafelong a le 10 a a farologaneng e fetotse mafelo a tsone go ya kwa bokone ka dikilometara di le 200 kwa Yuropa le Amerika Bokone.[10] Go fuduga ga diphologolo tse dikgolo go ka kgorelediwa ke kgolo ya batho.[11] Kwa Boritane, dirurubele tsa dikgakologo di bonala ka palogare ya malatsi a le 6 pele ga masome a mabedi a dingwaga a a fetileng.

Setlhogo sa 2002 mo Nature se ne sa tlhatlhoba dibuka tsa saense go bona diphetogo tsa bosheng mo lefelong kgotsa mo maitsholong a dipaka ka mefuta ya dimela le diphologolo. Mo mefuteng e e supang phetogo ya bosheng, e le 4 mo go e le 5 e fetotse mafelo a yone go ya kwa mafelong a a kwa godimo kgotsa kwa mafelong a kwa godimo, go dira "mefuta ya batshabi". Digwagwa di ne di tsala, dithunya di thunya mme dinonyane di fuduga palogare ya malatsi a le 2.3 pele ga dingwaga tse di lesome; dirurubele, dinonyane le dimela di fudugela kwa mafelong a a kwa godimo ka dikilometara di le 6.1 ka dingwaga tse di kwa godimo. Patlisiso ya 2005 e swetsa ka gore ditiro tsa batho ke tsone di bakang go tlhatloga ga themperetšha le go fetoga ga maitsholo a mefuta ya ditshedi, mme di golaganya ditlamorago tseno le dipolelelopele tsa di-model tsa tlelaemete go di tlhomamisa. Baitsesaense ba lemogile gore bojang jwa moriri jwa Antarctic bo nna mo mafelong a Antarctica kwa pele go neng go na le mafelo a a lekanyeditsweng a go tshela.[12]Tempolete:Excerpt

Dikgwa le phetogo ya tlelaemete

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Phetogo mo Tiro ya Photosynthetic mo Dikgweng tsa Bokone 1982-192003; NASA Earth Observatory

E re ka dikgwa tsa bokone di na le carbon, fa dikgwa tse di suleng e le motswedi o mogolo wa carbon, go latlhegelwa ke mafelo a magolo a dikgwa go na le phetolo e e siameng ka go gotela ga lefatshe. Mo dingwageng tse di maswe thata, go ntshiwa ga khabone ka ntlha ya go tlhaselwa ke dikhukhwane mo dikgweng kwa British Columbia fela go atamela go feta ngwaga o o tlwaelegileng wa melelo ya dikgwa mo Canada yotlhe kgotsa dingwaga di le tlhano tsa go ntshiwa go tswa mo metsweding ya dipalangwa ya naga eo.[13]

Mokgantitswane wa mo dithabeng le melelo ya sekgwa

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Khukhwane e e godileng ya phaene ya kwa dithabeng

Go fetoga ga tlelaemete le go fetoga ga maemo a bosa go go amanang le yone go go diragalang lefatshe ka bophara go na le seabe se se tlhamaletseng mo thutotshelong, ikholoji ya palo ya batho, le palo ya ditshenekegi tse di thubang, jaaka khukhwane ya phaene ya thaba (MPB). Seno ke ka ntlha ya gore themperetšha ke selo se se laolang kgolo ya ditshenekegi le katlego ya palo ya tsone. Mountain Pine Beetle ke mofuta o o tlholegang kwa Bophirima jwa Amerika Bokone.[14] Pele ga diphetogo tsa tlelaemete le themperetšha, khukhwane ya phaene ya thaba e ne e tshela thata e bo e tlhasela ditlhare tsa phaene tsa lodgepole le ponderosa kwa mafelong a a kwa tlase, ka gonne Rocky Mountains le Cascades tse di kwa godimo di ne di le tsididi thata go ka tshela. Ka fa tlase ga maemo a bosa a a tsididi a a tlwaelegileng mo mafelong a a kwa tlase, tikologo ya sekgwa e dikhukhwane tsa phaene di nnang mo go yone e bolokiwa e lekalekane ka mabaka a a tshwanang le mekgwa ya go itshireletsa ka ditlhare, mekgwa ya go iphemela ka dikhukhwane, le dithemperetšha tsa go tsidifala. Ke kamano e e motlhofo fa gare ga setshedi (sekgwa), moemedi (khukhwane) le tikologo (maemo a bosa le themperetšha).[14] Le fa go ntse jalo, jaaka go fetoga ga tlelaemete go dira gore mafelo a dithaba a nne bothitho le go omelela, dikhukhwane tsa phaene di na le maatla a a oketsegileng a go tlhasela le go senya tikologo ya sekgwa, jaaka dikgwa tsa phaene tsa Whiteebark tsa Rocky Mountains.[14] Ke sekgwa se se botlhokwa thata mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo tsa sekgwa mo e leng gore se bidiwa "thaba ya mafika". Go fetoga ga tlelaemete go dirile gore go nne le kgogodi e e tshosetsang ya khukhwane ya phaene, e e dirileng gore di aname go feta lefelo le di tlholegang mo go lone. Seno se dira gore go nne le diphetogo tsa tikologo, melelo ya dikgwa, merwalela le dikotsi tsa boitekanelo jwa batho.[14]Tempolete:ExcerptDipatlisiso tsa go ela tlhoko ka di-coral reef tsa boboatsatsi di dirilwe ke Bak le Nieuwland (1995) go batlisisa phetogo ya tlelaemete mo mafelong a a kwa tlase ga lotshitshi kwa North Sea. "Bak and Nieuwland (1995) ba ne ba ela tlhoko di-quadrates tse di nnetseng ruri ka dingwaga tse di fetang masome a mabedi mme ba bontsha go fokotsega go go bonalang ga dikorale, bogolo jang kwa mafikeng a a sa boteng a a kgorelediwang. Le fa bontsi jwa ditsamaiso tsa go senyega di amana ka tlhamalalo le tlhotlheletso ya batho, go tlhatloga ga themperetšha ya metsi a lewatle go tla dira gore go senyege thata ga di-reef mo nakong e telele". Dithemperetšha tse di tlhatlogang di oketsa kotsi ya go latlhegelwa ke tikologo ya lewatle le ya lotshitshi

Dithulaganyo tsa metsi a a phepa

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Go kgotlelwa ga metsi a a letswai le mefuta ya metsi a a tsididi

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Noka ya Eagle kwa bogare jwa Alaska, legae la mefuta e e farologaneng ya metsi a a se nang letswai.

Mefuta ya ditlhapi tse di tshelang mo metsing a a tsididi kgotsa a a tsidi di ka bona go fokotsega ga palo ya batho go fitlha go 50% mo bontsi jwa melatswana ya metsi a a phepa a U.S., go ya ka bontsi jwa di-model tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete. Koketsego ya ditlhokego tsa metabolism ka ntlha ya dithemperetšha tse di kwa godimo tsa metsi, mmogo le go fokotsega ga dijo e tla nna seabe se segolo mo go fokotseng ga tsone.[15] Mo godimo ga moo, mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi (jaaka di-salmon) e dirisa metsi a a nang le dipaka tsa melatswana jaaka tsela ya go tsala, gantsi e tsala fa metsi a elela thata mme e fudugela kwa lewatleng morago ga go tsala.[15] Ka ntlha ya gore go wa ga kapoko go solofetswe go fokodiwa ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete, go solofelwa gore go elela ga metsi go tla fokotsega se se felelang ka melatswana e e kwa tlase, e e dirang gore go nne le dimilione tsa di-salmon.[15] Go oketsa ka seno, mawatle a a tlhatlogang a tla simolola go tlatsa ditsamaiso tsa dinoka tse di fa lotshitshing, a di fetola go tswa mo mafelong a metsi a a phepa go ya mo mafelong a letswai a mo go one mefuta ya tlholego e ka nnang ya nyelela. Kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Alaska, lewatle le tlhatloga ka 3.96 cm/year, le busetsa seretse mo dikanale tse di farologaneng tsa dinoka le go tlisa metsi a letswai mo teng ga naga.[15] Go tlhatloga gono ga metsi a lewatle ga go kgotlele melatswana le dinoka fela ka metsi a letswai, mme gape le ditanka tse di golagantsweng le tsone, kwa ditshedi tse di tshwanang le Sockeye Salmon di nnang teng. Le fa mofuta ono wa Salmon o kgona go tshela mo metsing a letswai le a a phepa, go latlhegelwa ke metsi a a phepa go dira gore o se ka wa tsala ka dikgakologo, ka gonne mokgwa wa go beela o tlhoka metsi a a se nang letswai.[15] Ga go na pelaelo gore go latlhegelwa ke metsi a a phepa a matsha le dinoka kwa Alaska go tla felela ka go nyelela ga palo e e neng e le ntsi ya di-salmon mo nageng.

Go fuduga ga mefuta ya ditshedi

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Kwa Arctic, go tlhatloga ga CO2 le dithemperetšha go fetola dimela tsa tundra le ditlhatshana tse dingwe tsa xerophytic mo tsamaisong ya tikologo. Ka sekai, kwa Siberia sub-arctic, go fuduga ga mefuta go na le seabe mo go goleng ga albedo-feedback, jaaka ditlhare tsa larch tse di ntshang lomao di emisediwa ka ditlhare tsa conifers tse di nang le matlhare a a lefifi tse di kgonang go monya marang mangwe a letsatsi a pele a neng a bonala go tswa mo kapokong e e fa tlase ga boalo jwa sekgwa.[16] Go ile ga lebelelwa gore mefuta e mentsi ya ditlhapi e tla fudugela kwa North le South poles ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga tlelaemete, le gore mefuta e le mentsi ya tlhapi e e gaufi le Equator e tla nyelela ka ntlha ya mogote wa lefatshe.

Go fetofetoga le mefuta ya ditshedi

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Kgama e khibidu e potlana kwa sekgweng kwa Scotland.

Go fetoga ga tlelaemete go amile dijini tsa palo ya dikgama tse dikhibidu kwa Rùm, nngwe ya ditlhaketlhake tsa Inner Hebrides, Scotland. Dithemperetšha tse di bothitho di ne tsa dira gore dikgama di tswale ka palogare malatsi a le mararo pele ga foo mo dingwageng tse di lesome tsa patlisiso. Gene e e tlhophang go tshola ngwana pele ga nako e oketsegile mo palong ya batho ka gonne ba ba nang le dijini ba na le dinamane tse dintsi mo botshelong jwa bone.[17]  

  1. ↑ 18, 23 
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Grimm2013
  3. ↑ "Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change". AR4 Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability.
  4. ↑ On Thinning Ice Michael Byers London Review of Books January 2005
  5. ↑ Pertti Koskimies (compiler). "International Species Action Plan for the Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolis" (PDF). BirdLife International. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  6. ↑ "Snowy Owl" (PDF). University of Alaska. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-10. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  7. ↑ Lovell, Jeremy (2002-09-09). "Warming Could End Antarctic Species". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/09/tech/main521258.shtml. 
  8. ↑ "Penguins suffering from climate change, scientists say". The Guardian. January 30, 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jan/30/penguins-suffering-climate-change-scientists. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Fountain, Henry (January 29, 2014). "For Already Vulnerable Penguins, Study Finds Climate Change Is Another Danger". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  10. ↑ Time Hirsch (2005-10-05). "Animals 'hit by global warming'". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4313726.stm. 
  11. ↑ need citation
  12. ↑ Grass flourishes in warmer Antarctic originally from The Times, December 2004
  13. ↑ "Pine Forests Destroyed by Beetle Takeover". NPR. April 25, 2008. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89942771. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 . pp. 138–160. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :42
  16. ↑ "Russian boreal forests undergoing vegetation change, study shows". ScienceDaily. March 25, 2011.
  17. ↑ "Climate change alters red deer gene pool". BBC News online. 5 November 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-50306365. 
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