Wikipedia

Glycerius

Glycerius (o tlhokafetse morago ga 474) e ne e le mmusimogolo wa Roma wa Bophirima go

Glycerius
Gold coin which depicts Glycerius
Solidus of Glycerius marked:
Tempolete:Smallcaps
Tsalo
Dalmatia
LesoAfter 474 (possibly 480)[1]
Dalmatia
PredecessorOlybrius
SuccessorJulius Nepos

tloga ka 473 go ya go 474. O ne a direla jaaka comes domesticorum (molaodi wa masole a a disang ntlo ya segosi) ka nako ya puso ya ga Olybrius (o ne a busa ka 472), go fitlha Olybrius a tlhokafala ka November 472. Morago ga dikgwedi di le nnè a ntse a busa, Glycerius o ne a bolelwa e le mmusimogolo ka March 473 ke Gundobad, magister militum (morena wa masole) le maatla a a neng a le kafa morago ga setulo sa bogosi. Ke ditiragalo di le mmalwa fela tsa puso ya gagwe tse di itsegeng kwantle ga gore masole a Ba-Visigoth a ne a leka go tlhasela Italy mme baeteledipele ba koo ba ne ba kgona go ba leleka, ba ba isa kwa Gaul. Gape Glycerius o ne a thibela Ba-Ostrogoth gore ba se ka ba ba tlhasela ka go dirisa dikgoka, go akaretsa le go ba naya di-solidi di le 2.000.

Glycerius ga a ka a amogelwa ke mmusimogolo wa Roma wa Botlhaba e bong Leo I (r. 457 - 474), yo mo boemong jwa moo a neng a tlhopha Julius Nepos (r. 474 - 475/480) go nna mmusimogolo wa Bophirima mme a mo romela le masole go tlhasela Mmusomogolo wa Bophirima. Glycerius o ne a se na ditsala ka gonne Gundobad o ne a mo latlhile, mme ka jalo o ne a patelesega go rola marapo ka 24 Seetebosigo 474, mme a tlhatlhamiwa ke Nepos. O ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mobishopo wa Salona, e leng maemo a a neng a nna mo go one go fitlha a swa. O ne a swa, gongwe ka 480 C.E., mme motswedi mongwe wa motlha wa gagwe o mo pega molato wa go bolawa ga ga Nepos, mme dipego tsa tiragalo eno di tlhakatlhakane.

Botshelo

fetola

bomorago

Mokwalahisitori Penny MacGeorge o tlhalosa ka bokhutshwane gore "ga go itsiwe sepe ka Glycerius".[2] Glycerius o belegetswe kwa Dalmatia. Ga go itsiwe gore lelapa la gagwe le ne le le kae, e bile go ka direga gore e ne e se ba maemo a a kwa godimo. [3] O ne a tlhatlogela kwa ofising ya comes domesticorum (molaodi wa masole a a disang ntlo ya segosi), mme go ka direga gore o ne a dira jalo ka nako ya fa go ne go busa Mmusimogolo wa Roma wa Bophirima e bong Olybrius (r. 472).[4][5]Magister militum (morutisi wa masole) wa Mojeremane Ricimer o ne a tlosa Mmusimogolo wa Roma wa Bophirima Majorian (r. 457 - 461) ka 461, mme morago ga moo a tlhoma metseletsele ya babusi ba Roma wa Bophirima jaaka bompopi: Libius Severus (r. 461 - 465), Anthemius (r. 467 - 472), le Olybrius, yo o neng a tlhomiwa mo setulong sa bogosi ka Phukwi 472, morago ga gore Ricimer a menole Anthemius.[6][7]Ricimer o ne a tlhokafala ka 18 Phatwe 472, malatsi a le masome a mane morago ga go tlosa Anthemius mo setulong, mme a tlhatlhamiwa jaaka magister militum le kgosi ke motlogolo wa gagwe wa Burgundian Gundobad. [8][9]Olybrius o ne a tlhokafala ka bonako morago ga moo, ka 2 Ngwanatsele 472, mme go ne ga latela interregnum mo e ka nnang dikgwedi di le nne, pele Gundobad a kgona go dira gore Glycerius a tseye setulo sa bogosi, mme a mo itsise jaaka mmusimogolo kwa Ravenna: Fasti vindobonenses, rekoto ya dingwaga tsa borona, e bolela gore e ne e le ka 5 Mopitlwe 473, le fa go ntse jalo, Paschale campanum, le yone rekoto ya borona, e tlhomamisa gore e ne e le ka la 3.[10] [11][12][13]

puso

Ga go itsiwe dilo di le dintsi ka puso[14] [15]ya ga Glycerius. Glycerius o itsege ka ditshupiso di le mmalwa tse di kgaogantsweng mo go se rahisitori Ralph Mathisen a se bitsang "jejune chronicles", jaaka Annales of Marcellinus Comes, the Gallic Chronicle of 511, le Chronicle of Saragossa, mmogo le ditshupiso tse dingwe tse dinnye tse di neetsweng ke mokwadi wa lekgolo la bo 6 la dingwaga Jordanes le bishopo Ennodius. Ka nako ya puso ya ga Glycerius, Ba-Visigoth le Ba-Ostrogoth ba ne ba tlhasela Ba-Goth mme ba ba lwantsha ka go dira ditiro tsa sedipolomate le tsa sesole.[16] [17][18]Ba-Visigoth le Ba-Ostrogoth e ne e le ditlhopha tsa Bajeremane ba ba neng ba nna kwa Gallia Aquitania, le Pannonia Prima le Valeria, ka go latelana, jaaka foederati.[19][20] [21][22] Ka 473, kgosi ya Visigothic Euric (r. 466 - 484) o ne a laela gore go tlhaselwe Italy, mme molaodi wa gagwe, Vincentius, o ne a bolawa ke Comites (balaodi ba kgaolo) Alla le Sindila. Fa Vincentius a sena go bolawa, Euric o ne a tlhopha go tlhasela Gaul, a gapa Arles le Marseilles. Kgosi ya Ostrogothic Videmir (r. 469 - 474) o ne a tshitshinya go tlhasela Italy,[23] [24][25]mme Glycerius o ne a kgona go thibela Videmir ka mpho ya di-solidi di le 2,000 (dichelete tsa gauta tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo),[26] [27][28]mme a di faposa go tswa kwa Italy go ya kwa Gaul, koo ditlhopha tse di dikologileng, tse di tlhalosiwang ke Jordanes jaaka "ditšhaba tse di farologaneng", di neng tsa ba tlhasela moragonyana.[29][30][31]Mathisen o akgela gore ditiro tseno tsa go sireletsa mmusomogolo e ka tswa e le lebaka la gore Glycerius a amogelwe sentle mo metsweding ya Roma le Byzantium. Mokwalahisitori wa lekgolo la borobongwe la dingwaga e bong Theophanes o mo tlhalosa fela e le "monna yo o sa nyatsegeng", mme Ennodius, bishopo wa Pavia, o mo tlhalosa ka botlalo mo bukeng ya gagwe ya Vita St. Epiphanius:[32]

cMorago ga Olybrius, Glycerius o ne a nna kgosi. Ke bua ka bokhutshwane ka dilo tse dintsi tse a neng a di direla batho ba le bantsi. Ka gonne, fa monna yo o segofaditsweng [Mobishopo Epiphanius wa Pavia] a ne a mo rapelela, o ne a itshwarela mmaagwe phoso e e dirilweng ke banna bangwe ba ba neng ba le kafa tlase ga taolo ya gagwe. [33]

Mathisten o bolela gore dikgobalo tse di umakilweng fa godimo tsa ga mmaagwe Glycerius e ka tswa e ne e le ka ntlha ya go bo a ile a oka Videmir, mme o bolela gore "dikgato tse di ntseng jalo e ne e le karolo ya ka metlha ya pholisi ya mmusomogolo", mme o akanya gore batlhasedi e ka tswa e ne e le masole, a tlhalosa go tlhoka kotlhao ga bone.[34] Go lebega Glycerius a ne a busa kwa bokone jwa Italy, ka gonne madi otlhe a tshipi a a fitlhetsweng ka nako ya puso ya gagwe mme e le a le mangwe fela a ne a betlilwe kwa Ravenna kgotsa kwa Milan. Molao o le mongwe fela o o neng wa dirwa ke Glycerius o o sa ntseng o le teng ke wa March 11, 473, o o neng wa romelwa kwa go Himilco, yo e neng e le mookamedi wa masole a Roma kwa Italy, mme moragonyana o ne wa romelwa gape kwa go baokamedi ba masole a Roma kwa Illyricum, Botlhaba le kwa Gaul, malebana le go rekisa dikago tsa kereke. E ne e sa dirisiwe fela ke babusibagolo ba kwa Italy le Gaul, ba e neng e le karolo ya Mmusomogolo wa Bophirima wa Roma, mme gape e ne e dirisiwa le ke babusibagolo ba kwa Illyricum le kwa Botlhaba, le mororo a ne a se na taolo ya go ba naya melao. Molao o ne o diretswe go fa Glycerius tshegetso ya baruti,[35] fela go ka nna ga diragala gore o ne a ka ikuela le kwa setlhopheng sa senate, se se neng se tshwenyegile ka ditlhopho tse di ntseng di nna le tirisodikgoka, gammogo le tiriso ya madi a kereke ke baruti ka mabaka a botho.[36] Molao ono gape e ne e le wa bofelo o o neng wa ntshiwa ke mmusimogolo wa Roma wa Bophirima.[37]

Go a kgonega gore Glycerius o ne a leka go agisana le Mmusomogolo wa Roma wa Botlhaba, go supiwa ke ntlha ya gore Glycerius ga a ka a tlhopha mokonsula wa 474, mme go na le moo o ne a amogela mokonsula wa botlhaba, e bong mmusimogolo yo mmotlana Leo II (r. 473–474).[38] Le fa go ntse jalo, Mmusimogolo wa Roma wa Botlhaba, Leo I (r. 457 - 474), o ne a gana go amogela Glycerius jaaka mmusimogolo ka gonne e ne e le mpopi fela wa ga Gundobad. Mmusimogolo Leo o ne a tlhopha go amogela mongwe wa banna ba gagwe, Julius Nepos (r. 474 - 475/480), mme a mo romela le setlhopha sa dikepe go tlhasela Mmusomogolo wa Bophirima.[39]Rahisitori wa lekgolo la bo 7 la dingwaga John wa Antioch o bolela gore Leo o tsere tshwetso ya go tlosa Glycerius morago ga go utlwa gore o ne a tsere setulo sa bogosi sa Mmusomogolo wa Bophirima wa Roma, mme Mathisen o tlhalosa gore Leo o tshwanetse a bo a ne a okaoka ka nakwana, jaaka tlhaselo ya nnete e ne ya diegisiwa ke go simologa ga mariga, mme Julius Nepos o ne a patelesega go leta go fitlha go simologa dikgakologo go simolola tlhaselo ya gagwe.[40]

Glycerius o ne a se na ditsala, ka gonne go ne go lebega e kete Gundobad o mo latlhile, a sa mo tlogele sepe fa e se go ineela. Fa Nepos a sena go goroga kwa Ostia ka Seetebosigo 474, Glycerius o ne a tlogela bogosi ka 24 Seetebosigo 474, kwa Ravenna, mme Nepos o ne a tsaya setulo sa bogosi.[41][42] [43]Mokwalahisitori John Michael O'Flynn o bolela gore "maemo a a neng a dikologile go menolwa gono ga puso ka bonako a ne a sa tlhaloganyege mme, ka ponyo ya leitlho, a gakgamatsa", a bolela gore le fa masole a Nepos a ne a le mannye, Gundobad ga a ka a dira sepe go a lwantsha, mme go na le moo "o ne a nyelela gotlhelele go tswa kwa Italy". O akanya gore, le fa Gundobad a ka bo a ile a nna kgatlhanong le seo, go na le gore a leke go ganetsa gore Leo e nne mmusimogolo, o ne a amogela taolo ya ga Leo ya go gana Glycerius jaaka modirimmogo le ene wa mmusimogolo le go tlhoma mongwe yo a mo tlhophileng. Mo godimo ga moo, go lebega Glycerius a ise a ko a kgatlhegelwe ke Senate ya Roma kgotsa ke batlotlegi ba Gallo-Roman, ba ba neng ba ka dira tshwetso ya go mo tshegetsa, mme ka jalo ba dira gore ba se ka ba tlhola ba kgatlhegelwa ke Gundobad. [44] Se se botlhokwa ke gore, jaaka kgosi ya Burgundy, Gundobad (r. 473/474 - 516) o ne a na le dikamano tse di botsalano le Mmusomogolo wa Roma wa Botlhaba, o a neng a direla jaaka foederatus (motho yo o neng a na le tumalano).[45][46]Mathisen o tshitshinya gore Gundobad o ne a leka go kgobokanya masole a mangwe mo Gaul, kgotsa gore o ne a tsamaya go netefatsa gore o amogela boswa jwa gagwe morago ga loso lwa ga rraagwe, Kgosi Gondioc (r. 437–473).[47]

Botshelo jwa gagwe ko pele

fetola

Fa a sena go tlosiwa mo setulong, Glycerius o ne a tlhomiwa ka bonako go nna Mobishopo wa Salona. [48] Go ya ka rahisitori wa kwa Byzantium wa lekgolo la bo 5 la dingwaga Malchus, Glycerius o ne a na le seabe mo go rulaganyeng polao ya Julius Nepos ka 480, morago ga gore Nepos a patelediwe go tshaba kwa Italy mme a bo a busa a le kwa botshwarwa kwa Dalmatia, le fa gone dipego tsa hisitori tsa polao eno di tlhakatlhakane.[49][50]Glycerius o ne a tlhokafala nako nngwe morago ga 474, gongwe ka 480.[51][52] Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a supiwa e le Glycerius yo e neng e le Mobišopomogolo wa Milan ke Kgosi Odoacer (r. 476 - 493), mme seno se ka tswa se se boammaaruri. [53] [54]Motswedi wa go tlhatlosiwa ga Glycerius go nna mobishopomogolo ke mola o o sa itsiweng o o kwadilweng ke Ennodius, o mo go one a bakang mobishopomogolo yo o bidiwang Glycerius, mo gare ga bobishopomogolo ba bangwe ba Milan, le fa go ntse jalo, karolo eno e lebega e ile ya senngwa kgotsa ya okediwa moragonyana, go supa mobishopomogolo Glycerius le mmusimogolo Glycerius.[55]

Metswedi

fetola
  1. ↑ Meijer 2004, p. 159 ff..
  2. ↑ MacGeorge 2002, p. 272
  3. ↑ Grierson & Mays 1992, p. 77
  4. ↑ DIR Glycerius.[1]
  5. ↑ Martindale 1980, p. 514.[2]
  6. ↑ Martindale 1980, pp. 943–944
  7. ↑ Jones 1964, p. 324.[3]
  8. ↑ Jones 1964, p. 324.[4]
  9. ↑ Martindale 1980, pp. 524 & 945
  10. ↑ MacGeorge 2002, p. 272.[5]
  11. ↑ Meijer 2004, p. 159.[6]
  12. ↑ Lee 2013, p. 96.[7]
  13. ↑ Martindale 1980, pp. 514 & 524
  14. ↑ MacGeorge 2002, p. 272
  15. ↑ Meijer 2004, pp. 159–160
  16. ↑ MacGeorge 2002, p. 272
  17. ↑ DIR Glycerius.[8]
  18. ↑ Meijer 2004, pp. 159–160.[9]
  19. ↑ Sivan 1987, pp. 759–772.[10]
  20. ↑ DIR Marcian.[11]
  21. ↑ Friell & Williams 2005, pp. 85–91
  22. ↑ Elton 2018, p. 172.[12]
  23. ↑ MacGeorge 2002, p. 272.[13]
  24. ↑ DIR Glycerius
  25. ↑ Meijer 2004, pp. 159–160.[14]
  26. ↑ Grierson & Mays 1992, p. 263.[15]
  27. ↑ Harl 1996, p. 159.[16]
  28. ↑ The solidus at the time was approximately 4.64 grams (0.164 oz) of gold, so this would constitute roughly 9.28 kilograms (20.5 lb) of gold.[17]
  29. ↑ MacGeorge 2002, p. 272
  30. ↑ Mathisen, Ralph W. (1998a). "Roman Emperors - DIR Glycerius". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.[18]
  31. ↑ Meijer, Fik (2004). Emperors Don't Die in Bed. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-38405-1.[19]
  32. ↑ Mathisen, Ralph W. (1998a). "Roman Emperors - DIR Glycerius". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.[20]
  33. ↑ Mathisen, Ralph W. (1998a). "Roman Emperors - DIR Glycerius". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.[21]
  34. ↑ DIR Glycerius.[22]
  35. ↑ Mathisen, Ralph W. (1998a). "Roman Emperors - DIR Glycerius". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.[23]
  36. ↑ Harris, William V.; Chen, Anne Hunnell (2021). Late-Antique Studies in Memory of Alan Cameron. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-45279-4.[24]
  37. ↑ Harris & Chen 2021, p. 205
  38. ↑ DIR Glycerius
  39. ↑ Meijer 2004, pp. 159–160
  40. ↑ DIR Julius Nepos.[25]
  41. ↑ Meijer 2004, pp. 159–160
  42. ↑ O'Flynn 1983, p. 131.[26]
  43. ↑ Martindale 1980, p. 524.[27]
  44. ↑ O'Flynn 1983, p. 130
  45. ↑ O'Flynn 1983, p. 131.[28]
  46. ↑ Martindale 1980, p. 524.[29]
  47. ↑ DIR Glycerius.[30]
  48. ↑ Meijer 2004, pp. 159–160
  49. ↑ DIR Glycerius
  50. ↑ Martindale 1980, p. 514.[31]
  51. ↑ Meijer 2004, pp. 159–160
  52. ↑ Martindale 1980, p. 514
  53. ↑ DIR Glycerius.[32]
  54. ↑ Martindale 1980, p. 514.[33]
  55. ↑ Martindale 1980, p. 514.[34]
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