Wikipedia

Go lepalepana le seemo sa phetogo ya loapi

Go lepalepana le seemo sa phetogo ya loapi ke thulaganyo ya go tlwaela ditlamorago tsa nako eno kgotsa tse di solofetsweng tsa phetogo ya loapi.[1] Mo bathong, tepatepano e ikaelela go fokotsa kgotsa go tila manokonoko, le go batlisisa ditshono; mo ditsatlholegong, batho ba ka tsenelela go thusa phetogo.[1] Ditiro tsa go lepalepana e ka nna tsa kgolo kgotsa tsa phetogo. [2]Botlhokwa jwa go lepalepana bo farologana go ya ka lefelo, go tswa mo goreng borai e ka nna eng mo bathing kgotsa mo tikologong. Ditsela tsa go lepalepana le seemo di ka kgaoganngwa ka mefuta e le mene: dikago le maranyane; madirelo; mekgwa le ngwao; le tsa tlholego.[3]


Go itepatepanya le seemo go botlhokwa thata mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologang ka mafatshe ao a le mo kotsing e bile a babalelwa thata ke phetogo ya loapi.[4][5][6] Selekanyo sa go itepatepanya le seemo mo batho se farologana go ya ka dikgaolo le dipalo tsa batho, mme ebile mafatshe a a tlhabologang a mo selekanyong se se kwa tlase sa go ka lepalepana le seemo.[7] Selekanyo se sa go lepalepana se amangwa le go tshedisana le batho mo sechabeng le tlhabolo ya itsholelo.[8]


Fa go akarediwa, selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa tlhabologo se tsamaalana le selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa go itepatepanya le seemo, mme ditlhabologo tse dingwe di tlama batho go dira mekgwa mengwe. Mafelo a a tlhabologileng go gaisa a na le selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa go lepalepana le borai jwa tlholego jo bosha, bo isikeng ba bo bone pele, ga go tshwantshanngwa le tse ba di tlwaetseng. Madi a a ka dirisiwang mo go lekeng go itepatepanya le seemo sa phetogo ya loapi a ka nna di billione tsa di dolara ka ngwaga mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di tlang.

Tlhaloso

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Go lepalepana le seemo sa phetogo ya loapi go ka tlhalosiwa e le:

  • "Mo tsamaisong ya setho, ke thulaganyo ya go tlwaela seemo sa loapi sa nako e o kgotsa se se solofetsweng go tla le ditlamorago tsa sone, go leka go fokotsa manokonoko kgotsa go bona bo molemo jwa ditshono tse di tlang le phetogo e o.[9]
  • Mo ditsatlholegong, go itepatepanya ke thulaganyo ya go tlwaela seemo sa loapi sa nako e o le ditlamorago tsa sone; se se ka diragadiwa ke batho.[9]

Go tlhaloganya botlhokwa

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Phetogo ya loapi e ama dipatlisiso

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Babatlisisi ba tsa maranyane fa ba lebelela go itepatepanya le phetogo ya loapi ba simolola ka go sekaseka maduo a a ka nnang teng mo bathong,tikologo le dimela le diphologo fa go nna le phetogo ya loapi. Ditlamorago tse di ama matshelo a a batho, botsogo le boitekanelo, tikologo le ditshedi, itsholelo, matshelo a batho mo sechabeng le dingwao, le dikago.[10] Ditlamorago tse di ka akaretsa phetogo mo thobong ya temothuo, go oketsega ga merwalela le lenyora kgotsa go fetoga mmala ga ditshedi tsa metsi.Ditshekatsheko tsa ditlamorago tse ke kgato e e botlhokwa mo go tlhaloganyeng se se tlhokang go dirwa go itepatepanya le seemo sa gone jaana kgotsa sa isago.


Ka ngwaga wa 2002, seemo sa go thuthafala se kwa go 1.2 degrees celcius mme se mo tseleng ya go oketsega go ya kwa go 2.5 kana 2.9 degrees celcius fa lekgolo la dingwaga le ya go wela.[11] Se se baka mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditlamorago.

Bodiphatsa jwa dibetsa tsa tlholego, boikarabelo le go ipaakanya

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E re ka phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e le sengwe sa dilo tse di bakang diphatsa tsa dibetsa tsa tlholego, go itepetepanya le seemo nako tse dingwe go bonwa e le nngwe ya dithulaganyo tse di dirwang mo go fokotseng bodiphatsa jo jwa dibetsa tse.[12] Go fokotsa bodiphatsa jo go tshwanetse go dirwa go lebilwe tlhabologo e e tsweleseng go itsa go feta tse di seng mo bodiphatseng jwa dibetsa tsa tlholego.

Dibetsa gantsi di bakiwa ke bodiphatsa jwa tlholego mme di amangwa le ditiro tsa batho kgotsa go kgotlhela tikologo ga batho. Dibetsa, kwelo tlase ya itsholelo le di bakang borai, le diphatsa tsa lefatshe ka bophara jaaka phetogo ya seemo sa loapi di na le ditlamorago tse di tseneletseng mo kgaolong nngwe le nngwe.[13] Ka phetogo ya loapi e solofetswe go oketsega ka lobaka lo e diregang ka lone le manokonoko a dieemo tse di botlhoko tsa bosa, go itepatepanya go ka akaretsa le mekgwa ya go ipaakanya le ka fa batho ba tsibogang ka teng.

Maikaelelo

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Mo bathong, go itepatepanya le seemo ke go leka go thibela manokonoko, go bona ditshono; mo ditsatlholegong, batho ba ka nna le seabe go thusa go tlwaela.[1]

Go lepalepana le seemo sa phetogo ya loapi
 
Diagram explaining the relationships between risk, hazard mitigation, resilience, and adaptation

Maikaelelo a tsa molao

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Tumalano ya ngwaga wa 2015 ya Paris (Paris Agreement of 2015) e tlhoka gore mafatshe a tseye karolo mo go tshegetseng selekanyo sa go thuthafala mo dingwageng tse di lekgolo kwa go 2 degree celcius, le go dira maiteko a go fokotsa koketsego ya mogote go felela mo go 15 degrees celcius.[14] Le fa go ka emisiwa go dirisiwa ga digase tse di molelo mo nakong e khutshwane, go thuthafala ga lefatshe le ditlamorago tsa gone go tla nna dingwaga tse dintsi ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go fetoga ga loapi, ka jalo go fokotsa carbon le go itepatepanya le seemo go a tlhokafala. [15]

Ka fa tlase ga tumalano e ya Paris, Global Goal on Adaptation le yone e ne ya simolodisiwa. E itebagantse le go ema nokeng maikaelelo a batsaya karolo mo go itepatepanyeng le seemo ga dingwaga tse dintsi le go fa mafatshe a a mo diphatseng thuso ya madi go kgona go itepatepanya le seemo sa go tshegetsa megote ya 1.5 kgotsa 2 degrees celcius. E akaretsa dintlha tse tharo: go fokotsa bodiphatsa jwa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, go oketsa selekanyo sa go itepatepanya le go gagamatsa boitshoko.[16]

Go fokotsa tse di ka bakang phetogo ya loapi: bodiphatsa

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Go itepatepanya le seemo go ka thusa go fokotsa bodiphatsa jwa phetogo ya loapi ka dilo di le tharo tse di ka bakang bodiphatsa: dikotsi, bokoa le go nna mo seemong sa go amega. Ga go kgonagale gore go fokodiwe borai. Mme, go itepetepanya le seemo go lebelela borai jwa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi le go nna bokoa ga batho le tikologo e e amegileng.[17] Go nna mo seemong sa go amega go raya gore batho ba a bo ba le teng, matshelo abatho, tikologo le tse dingwe jalojalo mo mafelong a a ka amegang ka mo go sa siamang.[1]Go nna mo seemong sa go amegang go ka fokodiwa ke go ikgogela morago mo mafelong a a nang le kgonagalo e e kwa godimo ya go amiwa ke phetogo ya loapi, jaaka dipoa le go tlhabolola ditsamaiso tsa go tsibosa batho le go ba tshabisa.[18] Go nna mo diphatseng tsa go amiwa ke phetogo ya loapi go ka ama batho le tikologo. Go amega ga batho le tikologo go a amana.[9]


Go nna motlhofo go ka amiwa ke diphatsa tsa phetogo ya loapi go ka fokodiwa ka thuso ya go itepetepanya le seemo ga tikologo. Sekai, merwalela e ka thibelwa fa ditlhare tsa mangrove di ka nna le bokgoni jwa go fokotsa nonofo ya ditsuatsue. Ka jalo, tshireletso ya ditlhare tse tsa mangrove e ka nna tsela ya go lepalepana le seemo. Tshireletsego le pharologanyo ya tse re ikaegileng ka tsone mo matshelong di oketsa go nna boitshoko di bo di fokotsa go nna motlhofo go amiwa ke phetogo. Tse dingwe tse di ka diriwang go fokotsa bodiphatsa jwa go amega di akaretsa go nonotsha tshireletso le go aga dikago tse di ka itshwarelelang kgatlhanong le dikotsi.[19]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 IPCC, 2022: Annex II: Glossary [Möller, V., R. van Diemen, J.B.R. Matthews, C. Méndez, S. Semenov, J.S. Fuglestvedt, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2897–2930, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.029.
  2. ↑ Noble, I.R., S. Huq, Y.A. Anokhin, J. Carmin, D. Goudou, F.P. Lansigan, B. Osman-Elasha, and A. Villamizar, 2014: Chapter 14: Adaptation needs and options. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 833-868.
  3. ↑ O'Neill, B., M. van Aalst, Z. Zaiton Ibrahim, L. Berrang Ford, S. Bhadwal, H. Buhaug, D. Diaz, K. Frieler, M. Garschagen, A. Magnan, G. Midgley, A. Mirzabaev, A. Thomas, and R.Warren, 2022: Chapter 16: Key Risks Across Sectors and Regions. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2411–2538, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.025.
  4. ↑ Nations, United. "The Health Effects Of Global Warming: Developing Countries Are The Most Vulnerable". United Nations. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  5. ↑ "Unprecedented Impacts of Climate Change Disproportionately Burdening Developing Countries, Delegate Stresses, as Second Committee Concludes General Debate | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". www.un.org. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  6. ↑ Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu; Ahmed, Maruf Yakubu; Owusu, Phebe Asantewaa (5 April 2022). "Global adaptation readiness and income mitigate sectoral climate change vulnerabilities". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 9 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01130-7. ISSN 2662-9992. S2CID 247956525.
  7. ↑ Schneider, S.H., S. Semenov, A. Patwardhan, I. Burton, C.H.D. Magadza, M. Oppenheimer, A.B. Pittock, A. Rahman, J.B. Smith, A. Suarez and F. Yamin (2007). Executive summary. In (book chapter): Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change. In: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds.). Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Archived from the original on 2 May 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  8. ↑ IPCC (2007). 4. Adaptation and mitigation options. In (book section): Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)). Print version: IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-92-9169-122-7. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.
  10. ↑ IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: Glossary [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.
  11. ↑ "Temperatures". climateactiontracker.org. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  12. ↑ Kelman, Ilan; Gaillard, J C; Mercer, Jessica (March 2015). "Climate Change's Role in Disaster Risk Reduction's Future: Beyond Vulnerability and Resilience". International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. 6 (1): 21–27. doi:10.1007/s13753-015-0038-5. ISSN 2095-0055.
  13. ↑ Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2022. Our world at risk transforming governance for a resilient future. Geneva: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. 2022. ISBN 978-92-1-232028-1. OCLC 1337569431.
  14. ↑ "The Paris Agreement". unfccc.int. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  15. ↑ Farber, Daniel A. (2007). "Adapting to Climate Change: Who Should Pay?". Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law. 23: 1. doi:10.2139/ssrn.980361. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 153945185.
  16. ↑ Adaptation Committee, 2021, Approaches to reviewing the overall progress made in  achieving the global goal on adaptation
  17. ↑ Ara Begum, R., R. Lempert, E. Ali, T.A. Benjaminsen, T. Bernauer, W. Cramer, X. Cui, K. Mach, G. Nagy, N.C. Stenseth, R. Sukumar, and P. Wester, 2022: Chapter 1: Point of Departure and Key Concepts. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 121–196, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.003.
  18. ↑ Abram, N.; Gattuso, J.-P.; Prakash, A.; Cheng, L.; et al. (2019). "Chapter 1: Framing and Context of the Report" (PDF). The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. IPCC.
  19. ↑ Abram, N.; Gattuso, J.-P.; Prakash, A.; Cheng, L.; et al. (2019). "Chapter 1: Framing and Context of the Report" (PDF). The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. IPCC.
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