Wikipedia

Injustice

Tshiamololo ke nonofo e e amanang le go sa dire dilo sentle kgotsa go sa direlwe dilo tse di siameng. Lereo leno le ka dirisiwa fa go buiwa ka tiragalo kgotsa boemo bongwe jo bo rileng, kgotsa le ka dirisiwa fa go buiwa ka maemo mangwe a a rileng. Mo filosofi ya Bophirima le molao, go tlhoka tshiamiso gantsi go tlhalosiwa jaaka go tlhoka kana go sa tshwane le tshiamiso.[1][2][3]

Tshiamololo, nngwe ya motse-mogolo o o tshwantshang dilo tse di bosula le tse di molemo kwa Palaseng ya ga Duke kwa Venice

Boikutlo jwa go tlhoka tshiamiso ke selo se batho botlhe ba nang le sone, le fa gone maemo a a tsewang a sa siama a ka farologana go ya ka ditso. Le fa gone ditiro tsa tlholego ka dinako tse dingwe di ka tsosa boikutlo jwa go tlhoka tshiamiso, gantsi boikutlo jono bo nna teng fa motho a dira sengwe se se jaaka go se dirise sentle, go se dirisa ka tsela e e sa tshwanelang, go se tlhokomologa, kana go dira sengwe se se sa siamang se se sa baakanngweng kana se se letlelelwang ke tsamaiso ya molao kana ke batho ba bangwe.

Go akanya gore o diretswe tshiamololo go ka nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo, go dira gore batho ba tseye kgato e seng fela go itshireletsa mme gape le go sireletsa ba bangwe ba ba akanyang gore ga ba a tshwarwa sentle. Go tlhoka tshiamiso mo ditekanyetsong tsa semolao kgotsa tsa loago ka dinako tse dingwe go bidiwa tsamaiso ya matlhakore a le mabedi. [4]

Kamano le tshiamiso

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Porofesa Judith Shklar o kwadile gore borafilosofi ba Bophirima ba dirisa nako e ntsi ba bua ka kgopolo ya 'tshiamiso' go na le ya 'go tlhoka tshiamiso.' Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, o bolela gore go kwala ka hisetori le go kwala ka ditlhamane go dirisa maemo a go tlhoka tshiamiso jaaka setlhogo sa tsone gantsi go feta jaaka ba dirisa tshiamiso. [5]

Mo go tsa filosofi le tsa molao, kgopolo e e neng e le teng e ne e le gore go tlhoka tshiamiso le tshiamiso ke dilo tse pedi tse di sa tshwaneng: gore go tlhoka tshiamiso ke fela go tlhoka tshiamiso. Kgopolo eno e ile ya gwetlhiwa ke boporofesa ba ba akaretsang Shklar, Thomas W Simon le Eric Heinze, ba ba akanyang gore tshiamiso le go tlhoka tshiamiso ke dinonofo tse di ikemetseng ka botsone. Ka jalo, go ya ka pono eno ya batho ba le mmalwa, o ka kgona go tokafatsa seemo kwantle ga go fokotsa go tlhoka tshiamiso. Heinze o ile a ba a ya kwa pele go ya go ngangisana gore koketsego ya tshiamiso tota e ka baka koketsego ya tshiamololo.[6][7][8]

Kgopolo e e tlwaelegileng thata mo baitsefilosofing le bakwadi ba bangwe ke ya gore le fa tshiamiso le go tlhoka tshiamiso di ka tswa di ikaegile ka tse dingwe, tshiamololo ke yone nonofo ya konokono. Bakwadi ba le bantsi ba kwadile gore, le fa go le bokete go tlhalosa kgotsa go lemoga tshiamiso ka tlhamalalo, go bonolo go supa gore tshiamololo e ka lemogiwa ke botlhe.[9] Go ya ka von Hayek, motho wa ntlha yo o neng a akanya gore go tlhoka tshiamiso ke nonofo ya konokono e ne e le Heraclitus, yo kgopolo ya gagwe e neng ya amogelwa ke Aristotle le ba bangwe ba bantsi go ralala makgolokgolo a dingwaga. Hayek o ne a bolela gore gantsi bakwadi ba tlhalosa kgopolo ya gore tshiamololo ke selo sa konokono "jaaka e kete ke selo se sesha se se ribolotsweng", a akantsha gore pono eno ga se gantsi e tlhalosiwang ka tlhamalalo mo dithutong tse di malebana le Tshiamiso. Mme Hayek o ne a tswelela go bolela gore molao o o tlhomameng o supile gore tshiamololo, e seng tshiamiso, ke nonofo ya konokono. [10]

go rata tshiamiso

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Tshiamololo ya tshwantshetso e e jang batho ba ba se nang molato mo bukeng ya ga Guillaume Rouillé ya Justicie atque Iniusticie. Mo dinaong tse di lesome le bobedi tsa sebatana seno go kwadilwe mefuta e le lesome le bobedi ya melato ya De duodecim abusivis saeculi, e go tweng ke dilo tse di bakang tshiamololo.

Bakanoki, go akaretsa Judith Shklar, Edmond Cahn le Barrington Moore Jr. ba sekasekile tiro ya thutoloago le ya hisetori ka ga go tlhoka tshiamiso, ba swetsa ka gore go tlhoka tshiamiso go fitlhelwa gongwe le gongwe kwa go nang le banna le basadi teng; ke selo sa batho botlhe.[11] [12][13].Bakwadi ba, le ba bangwe jaaka Simone Weil, Elizabeth Wolgast le Thomas W Simon, ba dumela gore maikutlo a go tlhoka tshiamiso ke seemo se se maatla sa go rotloetsa ⁇ go sa tshwane le maikutlo a tshiamiso, a gantsi a akanngwang ka ditsela tse di sa utlwaleng, mme a rotloetsa go akanya go na le go dira. [14][15][16][17]

Cahn o ne a bolela gore ka ntlha ya mabaka a go iphetogela ga ditshedi go nna tse dingwe, batho ba ba bonang ba bangwe ba direlwa tshiamololo ba kgona go itshwara jaaka e kete ba diretswe tshiamololo. Go ka nna ga nna le go tshubiwa ka bonako ga thulaganyo ya go tshaba kana ya go lwa. Fela jaaka moeteledipele wa mokgatlho wa ditshwanelo tsa batho wa kwa Amerika e bong Martin Luther King Jr. a ne a kwala ka 1963, "go tlhoka tshiamiso gongwe le gongwe ke matshosetsi mo tshiamong gongwe le gongwe". [18]Spinner-Halev o ne a bua ka tshiamololo e e sa feleng e e tla bong e sa ntse e le teng go fitlha gompieno ntle le go tsaya kgato epe go e rarabolola. [19]Patlisiso ya 2012 e e gatisitsweng mo Psychological Science e fitlhetse gore le masea a na le maikutlo a go tlhoka tshiamiso mme ga a rate go tlolwa, le fa ba bona ditiragalo tse di sa ba amang ka tlhamalalo. [20][21]

Mo lefapheng la molao, Cahn o ne a re babueledi ba tshwanetse go itse gore ba ka dira jang gore baatlhodi ba ikutlwe ba sa siama - sengwe se se ka dirwang botoka ka go ikuela mo go se se rileng, e seng ka go dira dilo ka tsela e e sa tlwaelegang kgotsa go bua dilo tse di sa reng sepe. Barrington Moore o bolela gore mabaka a go bo batho ba gatelelwa ka lobaka lo loleele ke gore ba tsaya seo e le selo se se ka se kang sa tilwa mme ka jalo ga ba ikutlwe ba direlwa tshiamololo. O bolela gore go nna le boikutlo jo bo anameng jwa go tlhoka tshiamiso ke selo sa botlhokwa, lefa gone e se sone fela se se bakang botsuolodi. Bakwadi ba ba akaretsang Simone Weil, Elizabeth Wolgast le Judith Shklar ba boletse gore go nna le maikutlo a go tlhoka tshiamiso e ka nna selo sa botlhokwa se se tlhokegang go dira sengwe se se tlhokegang go sireletsa ba ba bokoa le ba ba bogang.[22] [23][24][25][26]

dilo tse di bakang

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Selo se se tlwaelegileng se se bakang tshiamololo ke bopelotshetlha jwa batho. Jaaka Plato a tlhalositse ka botlalo mo The Republic, batho gantsi ba dira ditiro tsa go tlhoka tshiamiso fa ba akanya gore go mo dikgatlhegong tsa bone go dira jalo. [27]Plato gape o oketsa ka go re "Bosetlhogo jo bo feteletseng bo ka bonwa fela fa wena o seyo". Tshiamololo ya batho ga se ka metlha e bakwang ke go batla go solegelwa molemo ka tsela e e sa siamang kgotsa go nna le maikaelelo a a bosula; e ka nna ya bo e le fela ka ntlha ya go bo batho ba dira ditshwetso tse di phoso. Ka sekai, dipatlisiso di fitlhetse gore baatlhodi ba ba nnang mo dikomiting tsa go sekaseka ba na le kgonagalo e potlana ya go fitlhelela ditshwetso tse di siametseng bakopi go ikaegile ka gore e setse e le nako e e kana kang baatlhodi ba sena go ja dijo tsa bone tsa bofelo. [28][29]Tiriso e e sa siamang le tshotlo malebana le kgetse e e rileng kgotsa maemo a ka supa go retelelwa ga tsamaiso go direla tshiamo (cf. legora la semolao).[30][31]

Mo setso se se tumileng

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  • The Life of Emile Zola (1937), ka go bonwa molato ga Émile Zola
  • Beyond Reasonable Doubt (1982), ka go bonwa molato ga Arthur Allan Thomas
  • The Great Gold Swindle (1984), ka go bonwa molato ga bakaulengwe ba ga Mickleberg
  • The Thin Blue Line (1988), ka go bonwa molato ga Randall Dale Adams
  • In the Name of the Father (1993), ka go bonwa molato ga Gerry Conlon wa go thunya ga dibomo kwa pub ya Guildford
  • The Fugitive (1993) The Crucible (1996), ka ditlhatlhobo tsa Salem tsa boloi
  • The Hurricane (1999), ka go bonwa molato ga Rubin Carter
  • The Great Mint Swindle (2012), gape le ka go bonwa molato ga bakaulengwe ba ga Mickleberg
  • Ba dira mmolai (2015), ka go bonwa molato ga Steven Avery

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ McCoubrey, Hilaire and White, Nigel D. Textbook on Jurisprudence. Second Edition. Blackstone Press Limited. 1996. ISBN 1-85431-582-X. Page 276.[1]
  2. ↑ Thomas W Simon (1995). "passim, see esp Chpt 1, 'Injustice versus Justice'". Democracy and Social Justice. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0847679386[2]
  3. ↑ Eric Heinze (2012). "passim, see esp Chpt 1, 'Nietzsche's echo'". The Concept of Injustice. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415524414.[3]
  4. ↑ "Want to Know How to Build a Better Democracy? Ask Wikipedia". Wired. 2019-04-07.[4]
  5. ↑ Judith N. Shklar (1992). "passim, see esp Chpt 1, 'Giving Injustice its due'". The Faces of Injustice. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0253200556.[5]
  6. ↑ Thomas W Simon (1995). "passim, see esp Chpt 1, 'Injustice versus Justice'". Democracy and Social Justice. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0847679386[6]
  7. ↑ Eric Heinze (2012). "passim, see esp Chpt 1, 'Nietzsche's echo'". The Concept of Injustice. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415524414.[7]
  8. ↑ Judith N. Shklar (1992). "passim, see esp Chpt 1, 'Giving Injustice its due'". The Faces of Injustice. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0253200556.[8]
  9. ↑ Edmond N. Cahn (1946). "Justice, Power and Law". Yale Law Journal. 55 (2): 336–364. doi:10.2307/792700. JSTOR 792700.[9]
  10. ↑ See Chapter 8 "THE QUEST FOR JUSTICE" in volume 2 of von Hayek's The mirage of social justice (University of Chicago Press, 1978). For a list discussing dozens of writers who have stated down the centuries that injustice, not justice, is the primary concept, look out for the long footnote under the sub-heading, "Rules of just conduct are generally prohibitions of unjust conduct".
  11. ↑ Judith N. Shklar (1992). "passim, see esp Chpt 1, 'Giving Injustice its due'". The Faces of Injustice. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0253200556.[10]
  12. ↑ Edmond N Cahn (1975). The sense of injustice. Indiana University Press. pp. passim, see esp pp 24–26, 106. ISBN 978-0253200556.[11]
  13. ↑ Barrington Moore Jr. (1978). Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. passim. ISBN 978-0333247839.[12]
  14. ↑ Thomas W Simon (1995). "passim, see esp Chpt 1, 'Injustice versus Justice'". Democracy and Social Justice. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0847679386[13]
  15. ↑ Richard H Bell (1998). "Chpt 3". Simone Weil: The Way of Justice as Compassion. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0847690800.[14]
  16. ↑ Elizabeth Wolgast (1987). The Grammar of Justice. Cornell University Press. pp. 103. ISBN 978-0801494024.[15]
  17. ↑ Barnett, Clive. The Priority of Injustice: Locating Democracy in Critical Theory Archived 2022-12-05 at the Wayback Machine. (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2017). ISBN 978-0820351520[16]
  18. ↑ Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963).[17]
  19. ↑ Spinner-Halev, Jeff (2012). Enduring Injustice. Cambridge University Press.
  20. ↑ Maia Szalavitz (2012-02-20). "Even Babies Can Recognize What's Fair: Babies as young as 19 months are affronted when they see displays of injustice". Time. Retrieved 2016-07-14.[18]
  21. ↑ Stephanie Sloane, Renée Baillargeon and David Premack (2012). "Do Infants Have a Sense of Fairness?". Psychological Science. 23 (2): 196–204. doi:10.1177/0956797611422072. PMC 3357325. PMID 22258431.[19]
  22. ↑ Judith N. Shklar (1992). "passim, see esp Chpt 1, 'Giving Injustice its due'". The Faces of Injustice. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0253200556.[20]
  23. ↑ Edmond N Cahn (1975). The sense of injustice. Indiana University Press. pp. passim, see esp pp 24–26, 106. ISBN 978-0253200556.[21]
  24. ↑ Barrington Moore Jr. (1978). Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. passim. ISBN 978-0333247839.[22]
  25. ↑ Richard H Bell (1998). "Chpt 3". Simone Weil: The Way of Justice as Compassion. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0847690800.[23]
  26. ↑ Elizabeth Wolgast (1987). The Grammar of Justice. Cornell University Press. pp. 103. ISBN 978-0801494024.[24]
  27. ↑ Eric Heinze (2012). "passim, see esp Chpt 1, 'Nietzsche's echo'". The Concept of Injustice. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415524414.[25]
  28. ↑ "We find that the percentage of favorable rulings drops gradually from ≈65% to nearly zero within each decision session and returns abruptly to ≈65% after a break." [26]
  29. ↑ For more on the substantial difference in judges' decisions depending on time since last food break, see chpt 3 of Thinking, Fast and Slow.[27]
  30. ↑ Thomas W Simon (1995). "passim, see esp Chpt 1, 'Injustice versus Justice'". Democracy and Social Justice. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0847679386.[28]
  31. ↑ Edmond N Cahn (1975). The sense of injustice. Indiana University Press. pp. passim, see esp pp 24–26, 106. ISBN 978-0253200556.[29]
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