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Metsi mo Aforika

Metsi mo Aforika ke kgang e e botlhokwa e e akareditseng metswedi, go anamisiwa ga one le tiriso e e tshwanetseng ya metswedi mo kontineteng. Aforika o na le boferabongwe mo lekgolong la metswedi ya metsi a phepa le lesome le borataro mo lekgolong la palo ya batho mo lefatsheng ka bophara.[1][2] Dingwe tsa dinoka tsa Aforika ke noka ya Congo, ya Nile, Zambezi, Niger le ya Victoria e e le yone ya bobedi ka botona mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara. Le fa go ntse jalo kontinente ya Aforika ke yone e e omeletseng go gaisa tse dingwe tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, ka di milione tsa batho ba Aforika ba ba santseng ba sokodisiwa ke tlhaelo ya metsi ngwaga yotlhe.[3]

Metsi mo Aforika
Mo mafatsheng a le mantsi mo Aforika, dithini tse di dirisiwang go ga metsi le go a baya di siametse go babalela metsi.
Metsi mo Aforika
Bana ba le babedi ba bannye kwa Camerron ba nwa metsi go tswa mo lebotlolong la polaseteke. Mo dikgaolong tsa Aforika, kwa go senang kgopo leswe e e siameng, batho ba ikaegile ka go dirisa metsi a a mo mabotlolong kgotsa a a mo mephuthalwaneng . Se se felela se baka go kgotlhela tikologo ka dipolaseteke ka go sena ditsela tsa go a dirisa gape kgotsa go tsewa ga matlakala.

Tlhaelo e e bakiwa ke mathata a go tlhoka go isa metsi ko bathong ka tsela e e lolameng, go gola ka pele ga dipalo tsa batho le go tlhoka taolo e e siameng ya metswedi e e leng teng. Nako tse dingwe go na le palo e potlana ya batho ba ba nnang mo lefelong le le nang le metsi a mantsi. Sekai, masome a mararo mo lekgolong la metsi a kontinente a ko kgampung ya Congo e go nnang batho ba le lesome mo lekgolong la palo ya batho ba Aforika.[4][3]Go na le pharologano e tona fa go lebelelwa ka pula e nang ka teng mo mafelong a farologaneng le ka dinako tse di farologaneng. Go mowafala ga metsi a a emang mo mmung le gone go diragala ka bofefo mo mafelong mangwe, se se baka gore go na ga pula go ye tlase mo mafelong a o.[5][4] Le fa go ntse jalo go na le temosego ya go farologana thata mekgwa ya seemo sa bosa le metswedi ya metsi lefatshe ka bophara, ka jalo le fa mafelo mangwe a na le metsi a a lekaneng,[2] kgaolo ya Sub-Sahara mo Aforika e lebannwe ke dikgwetlho tse dintsi tsa metsi tse di kganelang kgolo ya itsholelo di bo di tshosetsa matshelo a batho ba kontinente e.[2] Temothuo mo Aforika e ikaegile ka pula, mme lefatshe le le tlhagotsweng le bo le nosediwa ke la palo e eko tlase ga lesome mo lekgolong.[1][2] Go amiwa ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le pharologano di kwa godimo thata.[2] Motswedi wa motlakase o o tlwaelesegileng thata ke wa metsi.[2] Letamo la Kainji ke lengwe la metswedi ya motlakase o o fetlhilweng ka metsi o o dirisiwang go isa motlakase kwa ditoropong tse dikgolo kwa Nigeria le lefatshe lele bapileng le lone la Niger. [6]Ka jalo go nnile le dipeeletso tse dintsi mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di fitileng e le tsela ya go oketsa motlakase o o fetlhiwang. [2]


Ditharabololo tsa dikgwetlho tsa go drisa metsi go fetlha motlakase le tshireletsego ya dijo di paledisiwa ke mathata a dikago tsa metsi, tlhabololo le kitso ya baeteledipele go mekamekana le palo ya batho e e golelang pele mme edile e tlhoka metsi.[2] Se se dirwa gape ke gore Aforika o fetogela kwa go tlhabololeng metse o e dira ditoropo ka bofefo.[2][7]Tlhabololo e e amanang le metsi ga mmogo le tlhokomelo ga di motlhofo ka ntata ya gore go na le metswedi ya metsi e mentsi e motswedi o le mongwe o kgonang go nna mo mafatsheng a le mantsi (dinoka, makadiba le maje a a ntshang metsi).[2] Masome a supa le botlhano mo lekgolong jwa sub-Saharan Africa bo wela mo mafelong a le masome a matlhano le boraro a dikgampu tse di akaretsang melelwane e le mentsi.[1][2]Kgwetlho e e ka fetolwa go nna tshono ya ditlhabologo fa go na le kgonagalo ya tirisanommogo mo mafatsheng a motswedi o leng mo go one.[2] Tshekatsheko ya makgamu a a farologaneng ya noka ya Zambezi e le sekai, e supa fa tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a e leng mo go one e ka tsisa koketsego mo go fetlheng motlakase ka masome a mabedi le boraro mo lekgolong ntle le dipeeletso dipe di sele.[1][2] Melao ya tirisanommogo ya mafatshe e teng, jaaka wa Zambezi River Authority, South African Development Community (SADC) Protocol, Volta River Authority le Nile Basin Commission.[2] Le fa go ntse jalo, maiteko a mangwe a tlhokafala go tlhabolola maikaelelo a sepolotiki le maatla a madi le melao e e ka tsisang phenyo mo go botlhe ba ba amegang.[2]

Metswedi ya metsi fetola

Metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe fetola

Metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe a botlhokwa thata mo go tshegetseng kanamiso ya metsi le matshelo a batho mo Sub-Saharan Africa bogolo jang ka a apesitse bophara jwa lefelo, a nang e boleng jo bo kwa godimo le bokgoni jwa go emelela ka dinako tsa lenyora ele go gola ga dipharologano tsa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi.

Go na le metswedi e le palo potlana e e ntshang metsi a a phepa mo Aforika, nngwe ya dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2007 e supile fa masome a mane mo lekgolong le go feta a batho ba Aforika ba dirisa metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe e le one a a nowang thata, bogolo jang kwa bokone le borwa jwa mafatshe a a Aforika.[8][9][10]

Fa dipopego tsa metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe le phetogo ya seemo sa loapi sa kgaolo nngwe di supa go nna teng le go ntshafatsa metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe, boleng le bokete jwa metsi mo isagong go tla laolwa ke tiriso ya lefatshe le taolo ya metsi mo sechabeng.

Dimpompo e santse e le tsone motswedi o o botlhokwa wa metsi a a nowang (39%) mo ditoropong, mme botlhokwa jwa didiba bo golela kwa godimo (24%).[8] Mokgatlho wa WHO (2006) o boletse fa ka ngwaga wa 2004, lesome le borataro mo lekgolong fela la batho ba sub-saharan Africa ba kgona go bona metsi a a nowang a tswa mo dimpompong tse di mo matlong kgotsa mo malwapeng. Le fa go na le metsi mo mafelong a, ga go motlhofo go bona metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa ka go na le botlhabetsi jwa go leswafala ka ntlha ya mabaka a mantsi. Mabaka a tshwana le go tlhoka go tlhokomelwa ga dipompo ka ntlha ya letlhoko la madi, kgotlhelesego le go tlhoka kgopo ya metsi a a leswe nako tse dingwe ka ntata ya tlhaelo ya madi. Fa didiba di agiwa le didiriwa tsa kgopo ya metsi a a leswe di agiwa, nako tse dingwe boleng jwa metsi ga bo tlholwe jaaka go tlhokega, mme gape batho ga ba rutiwe ka go dirisa metsi a.[11]

Metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe fetola

Lekgotla la mafatshefatshe la botsogo (World Health Organisation - WHO) le ne la bega ka ngwaga wa 2015 fa batho ba le dimilione di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano le boferabongwe ba a ga metsi a a sa tlhatswiwang a a fa godimo ga lefatshe jaaka makadiba, megobe, dinoka le melapo lefatshe ka bophara. Metswedi ya metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe mo Aforika gantsi a a bo a kgotlhelesegile ka ntata ya lookwane, madirelo le leswe la mantlo a boithomelo le tse dingwe. Sekai, Niger Delta e e leng legae la madirelo a lookwane kwa Nigeria, le lookwane lwa dimilione di le pedi lo tlhotlhiwang mo lefelong leo letsatsi le letsatsi, metsi a yone a kgotlhelesegile ka ntata ya go tshologa ga lookwane.[12]

Metsi, Ditiro le Itsholelo fetola

Aforika e sa tswa go itemogela dingwaga tse di lesome tse di gaisang (2005 - 2015) tsa kgolo ya itsholelo fa e sale morago ga boipuso. Kgolo e l fa go ntse jalo ga e akaretse ebile ga e lekalekanye.[2] Go ya ka World Bank, kgolo ya GDP mo sub-saharan Africa e ne e le mo palong ya 4.5% go tswa kwa go 4.2% ka ngwaga wa 2013, e engwe nokeng ke go beeletsa madi mo dikagong le thobo e e ileng kwa godimo ya temothuo.[2]

Metswedi fetola

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA)". www.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs. Paris: UNESCO. 2016. ISBN 978-92-3-100146-8   Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Water in Africa". studyres.com. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Anthony Gachanja, Pedro Mastrangelo, Kevin Mcguigan, Presthantie Naicker and Feleke Zewge (2010). Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective. London: Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 8.
  5. ↑ "Water in Africa". African Studies Centre Leiden. 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2020-11-28
  6. ↑ "An inside look at Kainji Dam". 2012-10-14. Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
  7. ↑ Rafei, Leila (2014-10-29). "Africa's urban population growth: trends and projections". The Data Blog. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Water in Africa". African Studies Centre Leiden. 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  9. ↑ Xu, Yongxin; Seward, Paul; Gaye, Cheikh; Lin, Lixiang; Olago, Daniel O. (2019-05-01). "Preface: Groundwater in Sub-Saharan Africa". Hydrogeology Journal. 27 (3): 815–822. Bibcode:2019HydJ...27..815X. doi:10.1007/s10040-019-01977-2. ISSN 1435-0157. S2CID 149570011.
  10. ↑ MacDonald, A M; Bonsor, H C; Dochartaigh, B É Ó; Taylor, R G (2012-06-01). "Quantitative maps of groundwater resources in Africa". Environmental Research Letters. 7 (2): 024009. Bibcode:2012ERL.....7b4009M. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/024009. ISSN 1748-9326.
  11. ↑ "Water In Crisis - Spotlight Africa: Rural and Urban Issues". The Water Project. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  12. ↑ Walsh, Bryan (2013-11-04). "See the world's 10 most polluted places (and learn how they got that way...)". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
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