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Phatlalatso ya Metsi le kgopo leswe kwa Namibia

Namibia ke naga e e omeletseng e gantsi e tlhaselwang ke komelelo. Dinoka tse dikgolo di elela fela go bapa le melelwane ya yone e e kwa bokone le e e kwa borwa, mme di kgakala le mafelo a batho ba nnang mo go one. Gape di kgakala le meepo ya naga eo, e e dirisang metsi thata. Gore naga eno e kgone go lebana le kgwetlho eno, e ile ya aga dikepe tse di neng di tla thibela metsi a dinoka tse di sa nneng gone ka lobaka lo loleele, ya aga diphaepe tse di neng di tla tsamaisa metsi a mantsi, ya simolola go dirisa metsi a a nowang gape kwa motsemoshate wa yone e leng Windhoek e e kwa bogareng jwa Namibia, ya ba ya aga lefelo la ntlha le legolo la go phepafatsa metsi a lewatle kwa Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara go tlamela moepo wa uranium le toropo ya Swakopmund ka metsi. Leano le legolo la go tlisa metsi go tswa kwa Nokeng ya Okavango kwa Bokone go ya kwa Windhoek, e leng Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Metsi wa kwa Botlhaba, le ne la wediwa ka selekanyo se sennye fela.

Bontsi jwa baagi ba ditoropokgolo ba kgona go bona metsi a a nowang, mme go na le dikgato tse di kwa morago mo mafelong a selegae. Go kgona go bona leswe le go diega thata go bona metsi a a nowang. Dikarolo tse dintsi tsa metsi ke tsa NamWater, mokgatlho wa setšhaba o o dirang ka fa tlase ga melao ya kgwebo. E rekisetsa dikhampani tsa meepo metsi, mmogo le bommasepala ba ba a rekisang baagi ba ditoropokgolo le dikgwebo.

Metswedi ya metsi

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Namibia ke sekaka se segolo le setlhaba sa sekaka.

Tlelaemete ya Namibia e mogote e bile e omile ka dipula tse di sa tlhomamang ka dipaka tse pedi tsa dipula ka selemo. Mo Afrika, tlelaemete ya teng ke ya bobedi ka go omelela fela morago ga Sahara. Namibia e na le dinoka di le mmalwa tse dikgolo, jaaka Orange River kwa Borwa, e e abelanwang le Afrika Borwa, mmogo le dinoka tsa Zambezi le Okavango kwa Bokone, e e kopanetsweng le Angola, Zambia le Botswana. Le fa go ntse jalo, dinoka tseno di kgakala le mafelo a batho ba nnang mo go one mme ditshenyegelo tsa go di dirisa go bona metsi a a nowang di kwa godimo thata. Ke Noka ya Cunene fela, e e kopanetsweng le Angola, e e tlamelang ka metsi a a nowang mo dikgaolong tse nne tsa Bokone jwa Namibia. Palogare ya palogare ya "tlhabololo e e babalesegileng" ya metswedi ya metsi a Namibia e fopholediwa go nna 660 million m3/year, e anamisiwa ka tsela e e latelang: metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe 300 million m3/ year, dinoka tsa nakwana 200 million m3/ Year, dinoka tse di nnang di le 150 million m3/ngwaga le metswedi e e sa tlwaelegang jaaka metsi a a se nang le letswai a a phepafaditsweng 10 million m3/annu.[1]

Metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe

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Mêtsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe a anamisiwa ka go sa lekalekana mo nageng ya Namibia, ka jalo go dira gore go agiwe diphaepe go tlhokege go dirisa bokgoni jwa tsônê. Segolobogolo, lefelo le le fa lotshitshing ga le na metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe. Mêtsi a a kwa tlase mo mafelông ano a kwa tlase e bile ga a ikanyêge, mêtsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe a botêng thata mme ka dinako tse dingwê ke a boleng jo bo kwa tlase. Mafelô a mangwe a siame, a agilwê mo mafelông a a nang le maungo a mantsi, a a nang dawang thata a a nang ka metsi a mantsi go feta a balemirui le ditšhaba tse di tlhokang gone jaanong. Metswêdi e mentsi e mennyê go ralala naga e tshegetsa diphôlôgôlô tsa naga, batho le diruiwa. Mo ngwagakgolong o o fetileng, go epiwa mesima e e fetang 100 000 kwa Namibia. Bontlhanngwe jwa tsônê di sa ntse di dira.[2] Ka ngwaga wa 2012 baithutamarope ba metsi ba ne ba ribolola sediba se segolo sa metsi kwa Bokône jwa Namibia se se neng se ka tlamela lefelo leo, kwa 40% ya baagi ba naga ba nnang teng, ka dingwaga di le 400. Aquifer, e e bidiwang Ohangwena II, e na le metsi a a ka nnang di-cubic meter di le dibilione di le 5 a a nang le dingwaga di le 10 000. Aquifer e botêng jwa dimetara di ka nna 300 mme e ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo, gore mêtsi a yone a ka pompiwa ka tlhotlhwa e e kwa tlase. Le fa go ntse jalo, letswai lê le nang le mêtsi a a letswai le nna mo godimo ga letswai le la mêtsi a a phêpa, ka jalo go epa go tshwanêtse ga dirwa ka kêlotlhôkô go tila letswai le tsênêlêla. Mokgatsha o amogela mêtsi a a tswang kwa Angola kwa Bokône. Bomankgê ba akantsha gore, ka nako ya maêmo a bosa a a tlwaelegileng, go ntshiwa ga mêtsi go tshwanetse ga lekanyêdiwa go tsêna go tswa kwa Bokône go laola mêtsi a a nang le mêtsi ka tsela ê e tswêlêlang. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka nako ya dikomelelo tse di tsayang nako e têlele tse di bakwang ke go fêtoga ga tlelaemete, mêtsi a a mo mêtsing a ka gogêlwa kwa tlase mme a dira jaaka thibêlo e e botlhôkwa kgatlhanlng le kômêlêlô.[3][4]

Mo mafelong mangwe, metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe a letswai go sekae (a letswai). Mo Kgaolong ya Omusati kwa Bokone jwa Namibia, go ne ga tsenngwa didirisiwa di le nne tse dinnye tsa go ntsha letswai ka 2010 e le karolo ya porojeke ya dipatlisiso ya Jeremane le Namibia ya CuveWaters. Ditheo di tsamaisiwa ke maatla a letsatsi mme di tlamela ka 0.5 go ya go 3.3 m3 ya metsi a a phepa a a nowang ka letsatsi, a a lekaneng go kgotsofatsa ditlhokego tsa motheo tsa batho ba ba fa gare ga 10 le 66. Ka 15 Euro/m3 tlhotlhwa ya go ntsha letswai mo metsing a a letswai mo dijalong tse dinnye di kwa godimo thata.[5]

Metsi a a kwa godimo

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Letamo la Hardap mo Nokeng ya Fish ya nakwana kwa Borwa jwa Namibia ke lone le legolo go gaisa mo nageng.

Bontsi jwa dinoka tsa nakwana (tse di elelang ka dipaka) tsa kwa teng ga Namibia di na le letamo mme, go ya ka FAO, di na le poelo e e tlhomamisitsweng ya 95% ya dimetara di le dimilione di le 96 ka ngwaga, go ya hi tshedimosetso ya dipula tsa hisitori. Matamo ano a na le dipoelo tse di kwa tlase tse di babalesegileng fa di bapisiwa le palogotlhe ya one, ka ntlha ya go sa lekalekaneng ga metsi fa nako e ntse e tsamaya le go latlhegelwa ke mowa o o kwa godimo. Ka jalo, ke halofo fela ya metsi a a tswang mo dinokeng tsa nakwana a a ka dirisiwang. Go na le metsi a a setseng mo matamong mangwe, sekai mo Letamong la Oanob, Letamo la Hardap, Letamo le Letamo la Naute le Letamo le Friedenau.[6] Metsi a a setseng a ka se dirisiwe ka ntlha ya lefelo le le kgakala la matamo ano le tlhokego e e lekanyeditsweng ya lefelo leo.

 
Noka ya Cunene, e e bontshitsweng fano kwa Ruacana Falls kwa molelwaneng wa Namibia le Angola, ke motswedi o o botlhokwa wa metsi kwa Bokone jwa Namibia.

Metsi a dinoka tse di nnang di elela ka metlha tse di dirisiwang kwa Namibia a tsamaisana le karolo e nnye ya Namibia mo dinokeng tsa mo melelwaneng. Dipalopalo tsa mmatota go tloga ka 1999 (data ya bosheng e e leng teng) e ne e le 23 million m3 go tswa kwa Nokeng ya Cunene kwa Ruacana, 49 million m3 ku tswa kwa Nokeni ya Orange kwa Noordoewer, 22 million m3 Go tswa kwa Nokopong ya Okavango (e e e e elelang go ralala Namibia kwa Caprivi Strip) kwa Rundu, le 7 million m3 kwa Nokeng e e tswang kwa Nokeng wa Zambezi. Namibia e na le ditumalano tse di leng teng le Angola le Afrika Borwa ka ga go abelana dinoka tsa Cunene le Orange ka go latelana. Metsi a a abelwang go tswa kwa Nokeng ya Cunene ke 180 million m3 mme go ya pele a feta a a ntshitsweng.[1][7]

Go phuthiwa ga metsi a pula le merwalela

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Kwa Bokone jwa Namibia pula e ntsi, mme e na fela ka paka ya dipula, e dira megobe ya tlholego ya nakwana e e bidiwang Oshanas. Mo setlhoeng sa paka ya dipula metsi a a mo megobeng eno a phepa e bile a boleng jo bo siameng. Mo porojekeng ya go lekeletsa jaaka karolo ya lenaneo la dipatlisiso la CuveWaters, mo motsaneng o o kwa kgakala wa Lipopo mo kgaolong ya Oshana Borwa metsi a a tswang kwa Oshana a pompilwe go ya kwa tankeng ya polokelo go dirisiwa go nosetsa merogo ka paka ya komelelo go dirisiwa tsamaiso ya go nosetsa. Mo godimo ga moo, metsi a pula a phuthiwa go tswa kwa godimo ga marulelo a ntlo ya go thuthafatsa le go tswa kwa marulelong a a apesitseng megobe ya polokelo.[8] Mo motsaneng o mongwe, Epyeshona gaufi le Oshakati, metsi a pula ke one fela a a kgobokanngwang, ka bongwe ka bongwe go tswa mo marulelong a matlo, le ka kakaretso go tswa mo lefelong la konkereite mo mmung le le agilweng segolobogolo go phutha metsi a pula. Mo mabakeng oomabedi metsi a dirisetswa go nosetsa merogo ka paka ya komelelo, e ka tswa e le mo phaposing e e bulegileng kgotsa mo phaposeng e e nang le dimela.[9]

Go dirisiwa ga metsi le tsela ya go tsena

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Tora ya metsi mo toropong ya Ongwediva kwa Bokone jwa Namibia.

Palogotlhe ya tiriso ya metsi kwa Namibia e ne e fopholediwa go nna dimetara di le dimilione di le 300 ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lefapha la mmasepala go akaretsa bojanala le intaseteri le dirisitse 73 million m3 (24 percent), fa bontsi jwa metsi a dirisediwa temothuo le diruiwa. Go ne go dirisiwa fela di-m3 di le dimilione di le 13 (4 peresente) mo meepong ka nako eo, le fa palo eno e oketsegile ka ntlha ya tlhabololo ya meepo segolobogolo meepo ya uranium morago ga ngwaga wa 2000.[10] Go epa kwa Namibia go dirisa metsi thata, a a dirisediwang ditiro tse di farologaneng go akaretsa go dira diminerale, mme gape le go laola lerole, go tsamaisa matlakala le go dirisa metsi a badiri. Meepo ya uranium e dirisa metsi a mantsi go a dira ka go dirisa alkali leaching. Ka sekai, moepo wa Trekkopje mo sekakeng sa Namib o dirisa 14 million m3/year ya metsi a boleng jo bo kwa godimo a a tshwanetseng go se na letswai lepe. Metsi a a letswai a a ntshiwang ka didiba tsa selegae a dirisediwa go thibela lerole, ka go dira jalo go fokotsa tlhokego ya metsi a a phepa. Mo godimo ga moo, metsi mangwe a a leswe a a phepafadiwa le go dirisiwa gape, ka go dira jalo go fokotsa tlhokego ya metsi. Tlhokego ya metsi a a phepa e fitlhelelwa go tswa kwa Erongo Desalination Plant e gape e tlamelang baagi ba ba bapileng. E re ka nako ya go tshela ga sejalo (dingwaga di le 30) e le telele go feta nako e e lebeletsweng ya go tshela ya moepo (dingwaga tse 12), e ne e setse e le fa sejalo se ne se rulagantswe go ne go solofetswe gore se tla tsewa ke NamWater fa moepo o tswalwa.[11]

Metsi le tiriso ya metsi kwa Windhoek

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Letamo la von Bach le tlamela Windhoek le mafelo a mangwe a Central Namibia ka metsi a a nowang.
 
Ponatshegelo ya Goreangab Dam

Windhoek is provided with water from three different sources. As of 2006 17 Mio m³ of the water demand was covered by dams around Windhoek, such as the Von Bach Dam, 5.4 Mio m³ from the Goreangab Reclamation Plant and only between 1 and 2 Mio m³ still come from boreholes. The city estimates per capita water consumption at 200 liter per capita per day including industries, businesses and tourism, which is slightly higher than in Europe. An analysis of residential water consumption alone estimated it at 163 liter per capita per day in 2010, with significant differences between neighborhoods. For example, it was 306 liter in high-income neighborhoods in the South-East, while it was only 27 liters in informal settlements in the North.[12] During the severe drought of 2015/16, water users in central Namibia were required to cut usage by up to 30 percent. In April 2016, the city of Windhoek launched a Zero Tolerance to Water Wastage policy, under which it would disconnect or fine on anyone using potable supply to water gardens or wash cars. The Swakoppoort Dam, Von Bach Dam and Omatako Dam, which supply the region, were only filled at 11 percent of their capacity. In May, the Coca-Cola Namibia Bottling Company stopped production due to the severe water shortages.[13]

Dikarolo tsa motheo

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NamWater e na le matamo a le 16, megala e le 14 ya go fetisa metsi (e e bidiwang "network ya kabo ya metsi") le didirisiwa di le 16 tsa go phepafatsa metsi. Ditsela tsa go fetisa ke tse di latelang:[14]

Name Purpose Length in km Capacity m3/h Commissioning
Berg Aukas-Grootfontein scheme Transfer of ground water from the Berg Aukas Mine in the Grootfontein District to the Eastern National Water Carrier to be supplied to the Central Areas of Namibia during periods of water shortage. 18 720 1998
Dreigratsdrift-Skorpion Mine scheme Supply of potable water to the Skorpion mine and Rosh Pinah town. 42 870 2002
Koichab Pan-Lüderitz scheme Potable water supply from Koichab Aquifer to Lüderitz 120 200 2002
Naute-Keetmanshoop scheme Potable water supply to Keetmanshoop in Southern Namibia and irrigation water to Naute irrigation scheme down stream of Naute Dam 44 400 1972
Omatako-Von Bach scheme Transfer of raw water from the Omatako to Von Bach Dam. 94 720 1984
Swakopmund-Langer Heinrich scheme Potable water supply to Langer Heinrich mine, a uranium mine. 82 205 2006
Swakoppoort-Von Bach scheme Transfer of raw water from Swakoppoort Dam to Von Bach Dam to supply the Windhoek area, with reverse gravity flow option from Von Bach Dam to Swakoppoort Dam. 54 1450 1979/2004
Calueque–Oshakati canal Transfer of raw water from the Cunene River at Ruacana on the Angolan border through Ogongo to Oshakati purification plant for potable, live stock and irrigation demand. The pipeline had been damaged in 1988 during the Angolan-South African war. 150 n.a. 1997 (Ogongo-Oshakati Canal)
Grootfontein-Omatako canal A major now unused component of the never completed Eastern National Water Carrier. 300 7,200 1987
Kuiseb-Mile7 Scheme Potable water supply to Walvis Bay 30 800 n.a.
Omafo-Eenhana scheme Transfer of potable from Omafo to Eenhana. 48 20 1995
Omdel-Swakopmund scheme Potable water supply to Henties Bay, Swakopmund, Arandis and the uranium mines Rössing mine and Langer Heinrich mine. 115 685 1975
Swakopmund-Rössing scheme Potable water supply to Arandis & Rössing uranium mines 55 1,100 1976
Von Bach-Windhoek scheme Transfer of potable water from the Von Bach Purification Plant to Windhoek 62 2,740 1971/1981
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Namibia Water Report". FAO. 2005. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  2. ↑ "Groundwater in Namibia". GIZ: Integrated Water Resource Management in Namibia. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  3. ↑ Matt McGrath (20 July 2012). "Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries". BBC News Science and Environment. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  4. ↑ "Video: Namibia's new groundwater treasure - The Ohangwena II Aquifer". BGR - The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  5. ↑ "Groundwater Desalination". CuveWaters. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  6. ↑ A. Puz (2000). "Namibia Water Resources Management Review: Water Use and Conservation Theme Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  7. ↑ A. Puz (2000). "Namibia Water Resources Management Review: Water Use and Conservation Theme Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  8. ↑ "Floodwater Harvesting". CuveWaters. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  9. ↑ "Rainwater Harvesting". CuveWater. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  10. ↑ A. Puz (2000). "Namibia Water Resources Management Review: Water Use and Conservation Theme Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  11. ↑ "Water management in mining – a selection of case studies: Trekkopje uranium mine Namibia". International Council on Mining and Metals. p. 14–15. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  12. ↑ Dr. T. Uhlendahl and D. Ziegelmayer, Inst itute of Cultural Geography, Albert- Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Dr. A. Wienecke and M. L. Mawisa, Habitat Research and Development Center (HRDC) and Piet du Pisani, City of Windhoek (CoW) (2010). "Water consumption at household level in Windhoek, Namibia". Albert Ludwigs University Institute for Culture Geography. p. 16–18. Retrieved 11 June 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ "Namibia Needs $1.6 Billion to Relieve Water Shortages: President". OOSKA News. 8 June 2016. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  14. ↑ "Water Supply Networks". NamWater. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
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