Wikipedia

Phatlalatso ya metsi le kgopo leswe kwa Egypt

Phatlalatso ya metsi a a nowang le kgopo leswe kwa Egypt e bonwa ka tse ba di fitlheletseng le dikgwetlho. Dingwe tsa tse ba di fitlheletseng ke koketsego ya metsi a a tsamayang ka diphaepe ka dingwaga tsa 1998 le 2006 go tswa kwa go 89% go fitlha kwa go 100% kwa ditoropong le 39% go tsena ka 93% kwa magaeng le ntswa dipalo tsa batho di ne di golela kwa godimo ka lobelo lo logolo; go emisiwa ga go ithomela kwa ntle mo magaeng ka nako yone e o; le go ya godimo ga go beeletsa madi mo dikagong. Kgonagalo ya go bona metsi kwa Egypt janong e kwa godimo ka 98%. Mo go tsa dikgwebo, melao le ditirelo di kgaogantswe ka tshimolodiso ya kompone ya metsi ya national Holding Company for Water and Wastewater ka ngwaga wa 2004, le kompone e e laolang itsholelo ya Water Regulatory Agency (EWRA) ka ngwaga wa 2006,[1] mme dikgwetlho tse dintsi di santse di le teng. Ke sephatlo fela sa batho se se gokagantsweng le mesele e e gopang leswe.[2] Bana ba le dikete di le masome a matlhano ba latlhegelwa ke matshelo ngwaga le ngwaga ka ntlha ya letshololo le bontlha bongwe jwa lone bo bakiwang ke gore kgopo leswe e akaretsa palo fela e e potlana.[3] Kgwetlho e nngwe ke bo ko tlase jwa poelo ya ditshenyegelo ka go lopiwa dituelo tsa metsi tse di kwa tlase lefatshe ka bophara. Ka jaana go felela go tlhoka gore puso e duele madi a a setseng le a go tsamaisa ditirelo tse, seemo se se gakaditswe ke koketso ya dituelo mme go sa okediwe ditlhwatlhwa morago ga Arab Spring. Go dirisa didirisiwa tse di tshwanang le madirelo a go tlhatswa metsi mo go maemo a a kwa tlase le go tlhoka go tsaya maikarabelo ga puso ke dingwe tsa mathata a a lebaganeng kgang e.


Dithuso tsa madi le botegeniki go tswa kwa America, European Union, France, Germany, World Bank le tse dingwe di tswelela di tlhokafala thata.Baabi go tswa kwa bophirima le bone ba sale ba rotloetsa diphetogo mo lekalaneng le ka maikaelelo a go tlhatlhosa dipoelo tsa ditshenyegelo le go tokafatsa diterelo. Ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi ga ba kgone go dira go le gontsi fa e se fela go aga- go dira - le go fudusa (Build-Operate-Transfer) tiro ba direla madirelo a a tlhatswang metsi.

Kgonagalo ya go bona metsi

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Ka ngwaga wa 2015, 98% ya batho ba ne ba kgona go bona metsi a motheo fa 93% ba ne ba kgona go bona kgopo leswe ya motheo ka 2015. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne go na le batho ka 2015 ba le 1.8 milione ba ba neng ba sa bone le one metsi a motheo fa 6.4 milione e ne e sa bone kgopo leswe ya motheo.[4][5]

Kgonagalo ya go bona metsi le kgopo leswe kwa Egypt (2010)[6]
Ditoropo

(43% ya batho)

Magae

(57% ya batho)

Dipalo tsotlhe
Metsi Tlhaloso kakaretso 100% 63% 63%
Kgokelo ya matlo 100% 93% 96%
Kgopo Leswe Tlhaloso kakaretso 97% 93% 95%
Leswe n/a n/a 50% (palobatho ya 2006)

Go ya ka motswedi mongwe, Egypt e fitlheletse seelo sa Millennium Development Goal sa 2015 sa go fokotsa palo ya batho ba ba sa kgoneng go bona metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa le kgopo leswe ka sephatlo ka ngwaga wa 2008.[7] Le fa go ntse jalo, go ya pego ya puso ya ngwaga o o, Egypt e ne e santse e saletse ko morago ka go fitlhelela seelo sa kwa magaeng, bogolo jang kwa dikgaolong tse di kwa godimo kwa Egypt. [8]

Matlo a boithomelo a a adilweng matlapa kwa tlase ga lefuti, a a tlwaelesegileng mo magaeng, gantsi ga a bereke sentle ka ntlha ya bokogodimo jwa metswedi ya metsi e e kwa tlase ga lefatshe, go tlhoka go ntsha leswe gantsi le go ranyega ga dipota. Ka jalo leswe le a dutla mme le kgotlele ditsela tse di mabapi, mesele le metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe. Diteraka tse di gopang leswe mo matlong a boithomelo ga di tshololele leswe le kwa madirelong a go tlhatswa metsi a a leswe mme di latlhela leswe le mo tikologong.[9]

Boleng jwa ditirelo

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The city of Assiut
 
Toropokgolo ya Assuit kwa dipego ka metsi a a kgotlhelesegileng di duleng ka ngwaga wa 2009.

Go phatlalatsa metsi a sa kgaoge

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Go ya lefelo la ditlhotlhomiso la puso la National Research Center, 40% ya batho ba ba nnang kwa Cairo ga ba bone metsi dioura di feta boraro ka letsatsi, le dikgaolo tse ditona ga di bone metsi a a tswang mo diphaepeng gotlhelele. Ka ngwaga wa 2008 megwanto e ne ya nna teng kwa Suez kwa batho ba le makgolo a matlhano ba neng ba tswala tsela ya konokono kwa Cairo ka ntlha ya kgang e.[10] Go ya ka patlisiso e e neng ya dirwa pele ga ngwaga ya 2006 kwa kgaolong ya Fayoum, 46% ya malwapa e ne e ngongorega ka metsi a a tswang a le mmanye, 30% e ngongorega ka go kgaolwa kgapetsakgapetsa ga metsi fa 22% e ne e ngongoregela gore metsi a a bo a seo motshegare. Mathata a a pateletsa batho ba le bantsi go dirisa metsi a a tswang mo meseleng a a ka nnang borai mo botsogong.[3] Boleng jwa tirelo ke bo bo ko tlase kwa dikgaolong tse dikgologolo tse batho ba ipeileng fela kwa go tsone kwa 20% ya batho ba Egypt ba nnang teng.[11]

Boleng jwa metsi a a nowang

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Dipalo kakanyetso di supa fa bana ba ka tshwara dikete di le lesome le bosupa ba latlhelwa ke matshelo ka ntata ya letshololo ngwaga le ngwaga.[3] Lebaka lengwe ke la gore boleng jwa metsi a a nowang bo ko tlase ga selekanyo se se beilweng.[3] Madirelo mangwe a a tlhatswang metsi ga a tlhokomelwe sentle ka jalo ga a kgone go ka ntsha megare le ditshidinyana tse dingwe.[12] Ka ngwaga wa 2009, patlisiso e e dirilweng ke ba lephata la botsogo (Ministry of Health) di ne tsa supa fa metsi a a nowang ke sephatlo sa milione wa batho kwa Asiut a sa siamela go nowa.[13] Ka Seetebosigo 2011, go ne go ntse go sena sepe se se dirilweng go rarabolola bothata bo. Didirisiwa tse di ntshang chlorine mo didibeng, tse di neng di tsentswe dingwaga tse di fetileng ka go ne go tletse megare mo metsing a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe, di reteletswe ke go bereka ka di sa tlhokomelwe mme di tswetswe go itsa go nosa morafe metsi a a sa tlhatswiwang.[14]


Kwa legaeng la Wardan kwa bokone jwa Giza, metsi a nna mantsho ka mmala ka ngwaga wa 2007. Babusi ba ne bolela fa e se maikarabelo a bone, ba bolela dilo dingwe tse baagi ba neng ba di tsentse go leka go oketsa bokete jwa metsi a a tswang e le tsone di bakileng bothata boo. Go ya ka lephata la tikologo (Ministry of Environment), go na le go tlhoka go tirisanommogo mo go ba ba tshwareng maikarabelo a go sekaseka boleng jwa metsi, le go tlhoka motheo o o kitlaneng o o ka sekasekang dipatlisiso, metlhale le mekgwa.[15]

Go tlhatswiwa ga metsi a a dirisitsweng

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Egypt e ne e na le madirelo a a tlhwatswang metsi a adirisitsweng a ga mmasepala a le makgolo a mararo, masome a supa le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2012, a tlhatswa metsi a 10.1 million cubic meters ka letsatsi. Selekanyo sa madirelo a a tlhatswang metsi a a adirisitsweng kwa Egypt se ne se feta 11 million cubic meters ka letsatsi ya metsi a a ka nosang batho ba le di milione di le lesome le boferabobedi. Palo e e oketsegile ga some mo dingwageng tsa 1985 go tsena ka 2005. Selekanyo sa metsi a a tshelwang kwa Nile ke 3.8 billion cubic meters ka ngwaga, mme mo go one 35% fela ke yone e e tlhatswitsweng sentle mo ngwageng wa 2004.[16]

Kwa Alexandria, tsamaiso ya go tlhatswa metsi a a dirisitsweng e simolodisitswe ka dingwaga tsa pele tsa 1990 mme ga e sa tlhole e kgona go emelana le palo e e golelang pele ya batho. Tse di kgotlhelang metsi di le dintsi di akaretsa dipolaseteke, di tsene mo lekadibeng la Mariout le mo lewatleng.[17]


Madirelo a magolo a a tlhatswang metsi a a dirisitsweng kwa Egypt a kwa Gabal el Asfar kwa bokone botlhaba jwa Cairo, mme a nosa batho ba ka nna dimilione di ferabongwe, a bo a tlhatswa metsi a di cubic meters di le di milione tse pedi ka letsatsi ka ngwaga wa 2009. Madirelo a a tshela kwa moseleng wa Belbeis Drain le kwa Bahr El Baqar Drain (BBD), o one o tshololelang kwa lekadibeng la Manzala dikhilomithara di le lekgolo le masome a supa go tswa kwa Cairo.Mesele e le lekadiba la Manzala a supilwe ke Egyptian Environmental Action Plan ka ngwaga wa 1992 fa a sa siama. Boleng jwa metsi bo ne jwa tokafala thata morago ga go sena go fediwa 1.2million cubic meters wa ntlha ka letsatsi wa madirelo a ka ngwaga wa 1999, mme moselel o le lekadiba le di santse di le bokoa mo tikologong. Go tsena ka ngwaga wa 2009, selekanyo sa madirelo se ne sa okediwa go ya kwa di milione di le pedi ka letsatsi. Konteraka ya go oketsa madirelo go ya kwa 2.5 million cubic meters ka letsatsi e engwe nokeng ka madi ke lekgotla la African Development Bank. Ba ba nang le kgatlhego ba ne ba simolola go romela dipampiri tsa dikompone tsa bone ka ngwaga wa 2011, mme konteraka ya go loga maano, go aga le go dirisa e ne ya fiwa ka ngwaga wa 2013 kgwedi ya Phalane. Go ne go solofetswe gore go fediwe ka ngwaga wa 2015. Legato la boraro le tla isa selekanyo kwa go 3 million cubic meters ka letsatsi, go nosa batho ba le di milione di le lesome le bobedi le go dira Gabal al Asfar madirelo a magolo mo lefatsheng ka bophara.[18][19]


Madirelo a mangwe a a tlhatswang metsi a agilwe kwa Abu Rawash kwa bophirima jwa Giza. Pele a ne a tlhatswa 0.4 milione fela. Metsi a a tlhatswitsweng a tshololelwa kwa moseleng wa Barakat a bo a fetela dikhilomithara di le masome matlhano kwa nokeng ya Nile. Ka ngwaga wa 2005 go tsena ka 08 selekanyo se ne sa okediwa go nna 1.2 million cubic meters ka letsatsi. Ka ngwaga wa 2013 go ne ga nna pitso ya ba ab eletsang go godisa madirelo go nna 1.6 million cubic meters ka letsatsi ka madi a adimilweng go tswa kwa EBRD le dibanka tsa Egepeto ele tirisanommogo gareng ga ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi le puso.[20]


Maiteko a go fokotsa kgonagalo ya go goroga ko lewatleng ga dipolaseteke kwa madirelong a a tlhatswang metsi kwa Alexandria a tsweletse, ka madi a a adimilweng kwa European Investment Bank. Go tlhatswa seretse ke bontlha bongwe jwa leano le, mo go tla ntshang biogas le go fokotsa go ikaega ka digotetsi tsa tlholego. Maiteko o a ikaelela go tokafatsa madirelo a a tlhatswang metsi a a nosang batho ba le 1.5 milione mo kgaolong e o.[21]

Metswedi ya metsi

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Motswedi wa konokono wa metsi a a phepha kwa Egepeto ke noka ya Nile. Noka e ntsha metsi a 56.8 billion cubic meters ngwaga le ngwaga selekanyo sa 97% ya metswedi ya metsi e e ka ntshafadiwang kwa Egypt. Selekanyo sa pula se akanyediwa go nna 18 mm billion cubic meters ka ngwaga. Fa godimo ga foo, Egypt e na le mafika a le mane a a ntshang metsi kwa ntle ga lefatshe: lejwe la Nile Aquifer, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer le Coastal Aquifer. Fa e sale ka 2005, Egypt e tlhalosiwa e le lengwe la mafatshe a a tlhaelang metsi ka le na le 1000 meters cubic ya metsi ka ngwaga. Fa godimo ga foo, go akanyediwa fa ka 2025 palo ya batho e tla goroga kwa go 95 million.[3] Ditoropo tse di mo lotshitshing lwa Red Sea jaaka Hurghada di nwa metsi a a pompilweng ka diphaepe go tswa Nile. Mme ka 2015 konteraka ya 80,000 cubic meters ka letsatsi ya go aga madirelo a go tlhatswa letswai mo metsing a lewatle, e ne ya ntshiwa, go kona go nosa toropo.[22]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ European Investment Bank (2008). "Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP)" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-02-05.
  2. ↑ As per the 2006 census
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan, Shaden Abdel-Gawad, retrieved on 2012-04-30
  4. ↑ "Egypt". WASHWatch. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  5. ↑ "WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents". www.wssinfo.org. Retrieved 2017-04-12.
  6. ↑ "Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water". Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  7. ↑ World Bank (2008), Arab Republic of Egypt: Urban Sector Update, Retrieved on 2009-12-15
  8. ↑ Ministry of Economic↵Development: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: A Midpoint Assessment, 2008, p. 55-56, quoted in the Egypt Country Report by the UN Special Rapporteur for the Human Right to Water and Sanitation, p. 12
  9. ↑ United Nations; General Assembly; Human Rights Council (5 July 2010). "Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt" (PDF). pp. 12–13. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  10. ↑ New York Times:Pipes but no water: A need grows in Egypt, by Daniel Williams, September 30, 2008, Retrieved on 2011-07-21
  11. ↑ Egyptian Center for Housing Rights (2001), Introductory Paper To Habitat International Coalition Exchange Program On: Informal areas in Egypt, Retrieved on 2009-01-15
  12. ↑ Noha Donia, Assistant Professor Engineering Dep. Institute of Environmental Studies and Research:SURVEY OF POTABLE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN EGYPT, Eleventh International Water Technology Conference (2007), Sharm el-Sheikh, p. 1051, retrieved on 2011-07-21
  13. ↑ "Drinking water in Asyut unfit for human consumption". 4 August 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  14. ↑ Habi Center for Environmental Rights (1 June 2011). "Report: 80% of Assiut residents drink unclean water". Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  15. ↑ United Nations; General Assembly; Human Rights Council (5 July 2010). "Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt" (PDF). pp. 10–11. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  16. ↑ The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation; Arab Republic of Egypt (2005), Integrated Water Resources Management Plan, Retrieved on 2008-12-12
  17. ↑ Bank, European Investment (2022-02-04). The Clean Oceans Initiative. European Investment Bank.
  18. ↑ African Development Bank:EGYPT: GABAL EL ASFAR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY, undated, retrieved on May 30, 2010
  19. ↑ "Wastewater infra spending flows again in Egypt". Global Water Intelligence. November 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
  20. ↑ Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant In Egypt: Development And Implementation Of A Public-Private Partnership For Upgrade And Expansion". Devex. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
  21. ↑ Bank, European Investment (2022-02-04). The Clean Oceans Initiative. European Investment Bank.
  22. ↑ "Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change". Global Water Intelligence, May 2015.
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