Wikipedia

Phatlalatso ya metsi le kgopo leswe mo Aforika Borwa

 

Phatlalatso ya etsi le leswe mo Aforika Borwa di lemogiwa ka diphitlhelelo le dikgwetlho.

Phepelo ya metsi le kgeleloleswe mo Aforika Borwa e na le diphitlhelelo le dikgwetlho. Morago ga bokhutlo jwa tlhaolele puso e e sa tswang go tlhophiwa ya Aforika Borwa e ne ya lwantshana le tirelo e e neng e gola ka nako eo le dikgoreletsi tsa go fitlhelela metsi le kgeleloleswe. Ka jalo, puso e ne ya dira maitlamo a magolo a go dira gore go nne le maemo a a kwa godimo a tirelo le a a kwa godimo a go tshegetsa dipeeletso go fitlhelela maemo ao. Fa e sa le ka nako eo, naga eno e dirile kgatelopele e e rileng malebana le go tokafatsa go fitlhelela metsi: E fitlheletse gore batho botlhe ba kgone go bona metsi a a botoka mo ditoropong, mme mo mafelong a magae palo ya batho b ba nang le metsi e oketsegile go tswa go 66% go ya go 79% go tloga ka 1990 go fitlha ka 2010.

Aforika Borwa gape e na le lefapha lê le nonofileng ya metsi e e nang le rekoto e e tlhomologileng mo go tlhameng dilo tse disha. Le fa go ntse jalo, go nnile le kgatelopele e potlana thata mo go tsa boitekanelo: Go fitlhelela metsi go oketsegile fela go tswa go 71% go ya go 79% mo nakong e e tshwanang. Go sa ntse go na le mathata a magolo a a amanang le go nna le madi a a lekaneng a batlamedi ba ditirelo, a a dirang gore go se ka ga tlhokomelwa tlhokomelo. Go sa tlhomamang ga gore puso e tla kgona go tshegetsa madi a a tlhokegang mo lephateng leno le gone go a tshwenya. Dikarolo tse pedi tse di tlhaolang lekala la metsi la Aforika Borwa ke pholisi ya metsi a motheo a a sa duelelweng le go nna teng ga dikomiti tsa metsi, tse e leng ditheo tse di tlamelang ka metsi ka bontsi tse di tsamaisang diphaepe le go rekisa metsi go tswa mo matamong go ya kwa bommasepaleng.

Ka kgwêdi ya Motsheganong 2014 go ne ga itsisiwe gore lephta la Metsi le Kgaso la Durban le gapile Sekgele sa Metsi sa Stockholm Industry "ka ntlha ya tsela ya lone e e fetolang le e e akarêtsang", le e bitsa "nngwe ya ditirelo tse di tlhabologang thata mo lefatsheng".[1] Toropokgolo e golagantse batho ba bangwe ba le didikadike di le 1.3 le metsi a diphaepe mme e neetse batho ba le 700,000 go tsena mo matlwaneng a boithomelo mo dingwageng di le 14. Gape e ne e le mmasepala wa ntlha wa Aforika Borwa go tsenya mêtsi a a sa duêlêlweng a bahumanegi mo tirisong. Mo godimo ga moo, e rotloeditse go phuthiwa ga mêtsi a pula, motlakase o monnye wa metsi le ntlwana ya boithomelo e e omileng e e fokotsang motlhapo.

Ka 13 Tlhakolê 2018, lefatshe le ne la bolêla fa e le matlhôtlhapelo a bosetšhaba kwa Cape Town ka gonne mêtsi a torôpô a ne a bolêlêtswe pele a tla omêlêla pele ga bokhutlo jwa Seêtebosigo. E re ka matamô a yônê a ne a tletse ka diphesente di le 24,9 fela, go ne go na le dikgato tsa go somarela metsi tse di nêng di tlhoka gore moagi mongwe le mongwe a dirise dilitara tse di kwa tlase ga di le 50 ka letsatsi. Dikgaolwana tsôtlhê tsê di robangbongwe tsa naga di ne tsa amiwa ke sê pusô e nêng e se tlhalosa jaaka "bogolo le bokete" jwa komêlêlô ya dingwaga di le tharo. Go ya ka diphopholetso tse di tshegediwang ke UN, Cape Town ke nngwe ya ditorôpô tse dikgolo tse di lesome le bongwe tsa lefatshe tsê di lebêlêtsweng go fêlêlwa ke mêtsi.[2] Ka 2018, Cape Town e ne ya gana kopô ê e tswang kwa Iseraele ya go e thusa go aga di feketiri tsa go ntsha letswai.[3][4][5][6]

Metswedi ya metsi le tiriso ya metsi

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Letamo la Katse kwa Lesotho ke motswedi o o botlhokwa wa metsi mo kgaolong e e omeletseng ya Gauteng go dikologa Johannesburg, lefelo la madirelo la Aforika Borwa.

Go nna teng ga mêtsi mo Aforika Borwa go farologana thata go ya ka sebaka le nako. Le fa Bophirima bo omile ka pula fela ka selemô mme e le kwa tlase ga 100 mm, Botlhaba le Borwa-botlhaba di amogela pula ngwaga otlhe ka palogare ya go fitlha go 1000 mm. Palogotlhe ya metsi a a elelang mo godimo ga lefatshe ka ngwaga e fopholediwa go nna 43 go ya go 48 km3, go ikaegile ka motswedi.[7][8]

Bontsi jwa metsi a a êlêlang a latlhêga ka ntlha ya merwalêla, ka jalo metswêdi ya mêtsi a a leng têng a fopholediwa go nna 14 km3/ngwaga fêla. Le fa mêtsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe a lekanyêditswe ka ntlha ya maemo a jeoloji, a dirisiwa thata kwa magaêng le kwa mafelông a a ômêlêtseng. Mêtsi a a leng têng a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe a fopholediwa go nna 1 km3/year. Dinoka tsê dikgolo tsa Aforika Borwa di dinnye thata fa di bapisiwa le dinoka tse dikgolo mo lefatsheng: Ka sekai, mêtsi a Noka ya Nile e le nosi a ka nna makgêtlo a le marataro go feta mêtsi a a leng têng go tswa mo dinokêng tsôtlhê tsa Aforia Borwa mmôgô.[9][10]

Dinoka tsê dikgolo ke Noka ya Orange e elêlang kwa Lewatleng la Atlantic, Noka ya Limpopo, Noka wa Incomati, Noka e Maputo, Noka ye Tugela, Noka le Noka ya Olifants (Limpopo), le Noka ye Breede. Dinoka tsa uMkhomazi, Maputo, Thukela le Limpopo tsotlhe di elela kwa Lewatleng la India. Dinoka tsê di botlhokwa thata tsa Aforika Borwa di kgabaganya melelwane: Noka ya Orange e abelana le Botswana, Namibia le Lesotho, "ntlo ya mêtsi" ya Aforika borwa. Mokgatšha wa noka ya Limpopo-Olifants o abelana le Botswana, Zimbabwe le Mozambique, e e kwa tlase ga noka. Dikomiti tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa dinaga tsotlhe tsê di bapileng le dinoka di tlhomilwe go laola metswêdi êno ya mêtsi e e kgabaganyang melelwane.[9][10] Metswêdi e e ka nnang teng ya metsi mo isagweng ke go ntshiwa letswai mo metsing a lewatle kgotsa go fetisêdiwa ga mêtsi go tswa kwa Nokêng ya Zambezi.

Palogotlhe ya mêtsi a a ntshiwang ngwaga le ngwaga e ne ya fopholediwa go nna 12.5 km3 ka ngwaga wa 2000, mme mo e ka nnang 17% ya onê e nê e dirisêdiwa mêtsi a mmasepala.[7][8] Mo dikarolong tsê di kwa bokône jwa lefatshe, metswêdi ya mêtsi a a kwa godimo le a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe e batlile e tlhabololwa ka botlalô e bile e dirisiwa. Mo dikgaolông tsê di nang le mêtsi a mantsi tsa borwabotlhaba jwa lefatshe go na le didirisiwa tsê di botlhôkwa tsê di sa tlhabololwang le tsê di sa dirisiwêng thata.[7] Lefelô la Gauteng lê le dikologilêng Johannesburg, le lê nang le mêtsi a mannyê thata, le amogêla mêtsi go tswa mo matamong a a farologaneng mo lefelông lêo a a jaaka Letamo la Vaal mme le reka metsi go tswa kwa tsamaisong ya Noka ya Orange ka Lesotho Highlands Water Project, segolobogolo go tswa kwa Letamong la Katse.[11] Cape Town e amogêla mêtsi a yônê a a nowang go tswa mo thulaganyong e kgolo ya dinoka le matamo, go akarêtsa le Letamo la Noka ya Berg.

Cape Town e na le ditlamelo tsa go phepafatsa metsi di le 26, tse dingwe tsa tsone tse di sa direng sentle e bile di simologile ka dingwaga tsa bo1950, mme seno se dira gore go nne thata go bona metsi a a phepa le go laola leswe.

Cape Town e tla amogela kadimo ya €80 million go tswa go KfW go tla go thusa torôpô go tokafatsa le go atolosa madirelô a a farologaneng a go phepafatsa mêtsi a a leswê a kgaolwana, thuso ya €1.2 million ya katiso le thusô ya €4.5 million ya dikgatô tsa go tshegetsa torôpô. Diphêtogô di tla letlêlêla torôpô go dirisa mêtsi a a dirisitswêng gapê mo temôthuông kgotsa mo madirêlong le go thusa go rarabolola dikomelelo.

Wastewater reuse

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Mo Aforika Borwa, selo sê segolo sê se tlhotlhêlêtsang go dirisiwa gape ga mêtsi a a leswê e ke maêmo a komêlêlô. Ka sekai, kwa Beaufort West, kwa Aforika Borwa, go ne ga agiwa lefelô la go busêtsa mêtsi a a les6we ka tlhamalalo (WRP) go tlhagisa mêtsi a a nowang kwa bokhutlong jwa 2010, ka ntlha ya tlhaêlo e e masisi ya metsi (go tlhagisa 2,300 m3 ka letsatsi).[12][13] Tsamaiso e e theilweng mo kgôpolông ya dithibêlô di le dintsi mme e akarêtsa ditsamaiso tse di latêlang tsa kalafi: go tlhôtlha motlhaba, UF, RO ya dikgato tsê pedi, le go tsêna ga mêtsi a a bolayang ka lesedi la ultraviolet (UV).

Toropo ya George e ne e na le tlhaelo ya metsi mme e ne e dirile tshwetso ya go dirisa leano la IPR (2009/2010), koo metsi a a tswang kwa Outeniqua WWTP a neng a alafiwa ka boleng jo bo kwa godimo thata ka UF le go bolawa ke megare pele ga a busediwa kwa lefelong la konokono la polokelo, Garden Route Dam, koo a kopanngwang le metsi a a sa apewang a a leng teng. Maiteko ano a oketsa metsi a a leng teng ka dimetara di le 10 000 ka letsatsi, mo e ka nnang nngwetharong ya metsi a a nowang. Tsamaiso ya thulaganyo e akaretsa dithulaganyo tse di latelang tsa go phepafatsa: setlhabaphiri, UF, le tshwaetso ya chlorine. Go dirilwe thulaganyo ya gore go tsenngwe kgotlho ya khabone e e dirang (PAC) kwa George WTW, fa go tlhokega jaaka sekgoreletsi se sengwe sa tiro.

Sekai se sengwe sa DPR ke setheo sa go dirisa gape se se agilweng le go dirisiwa mo toropong ya Hermanus (Overberg) mo Aforika Borwa, koo jaanong go dirisiwang gape dimetara di le 2.500 ka letsatsi, ka leano la mo isagweng la go oketsa maatla go fitlha go dimetara di ka nna 5.000 ka letsatsi. Ditsela tsa kalafi tse di dirisiwang di akaretsa kalafi ya pele ya UF, RO desalination, mmogo le oxidation ya maemo a a kwa godimo le carbon filtration. Se se tswang mo sejalong se se dirisiwang gape se tsenngwa ka tlhamalalo mo thulaganyong ya metsi a a nowang.

Go bona metsi ke baagi ba SA

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Tora ya metsi kwa Midrand, Johannesburg

Aforika Borwa ke lengwe la mafatshe a le mmalwa mo lefatsheng a a beileng tshwanêlô ya methêô ya mêtsi a a lekaneng mo Molaotheong wa yônê, di bolela gore "Mongwe le mongwe o na le tshwanelo ya go nna le [...] dijo le metsi a a lekanang".[14] Le fa go ntse jalo, go sa ntse go na le go le gontsi go go tshwanetseng go dirwa go diragatsa tshwanelo eo.

Morago ga bokhutlo jwa tlhaolele, puso e e neng e sa tswa go tlhophiwa ya Afrika Borwa e ne ya rua ditirelo tse di neng di dira sentle thata malebana le go fitlhelela metsi le go phepafatsa.[15]

Le fa go ntse jalo, go tloga ka 2017, ka ntlha ya go tlhoka tlhokomelo e e bakilweng ke bonweenwee, kabo ya metsi le leswe la leswe e wetse kwa tlase thata.[16][17][18] Ka 2015, Lefapha la Metsi le Pholiso le ne la re le tla tlhoka dibilione di le R293 go baakanya le go tokafatsa mafaratlhatlha otlhe a metsi le a leswe mo nageng.[19]

Le fa go nnile le koketsego mo palong ya matlo a a tlamelwang ka metsi, diperesente tsa matlo a a nang le metsi a diphaepe di fokotsegile fa e sale ka 1994.[20]

Mêtsi

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Ka 2015, palogotlhe ya palo ya batho mo Aforika Borwa ba ba nêng ba sa kgônê go bona mêtsi a a "tokafaditsweng" e ne e le dimilione di le 3.64. 93% ya baagi ba ne ba kgona go bona motswedi wa metsi o o tokafaditsweng mo ngwageng oo.[21][22][21]

Mo puong ya gagwe ya May 2004 ya State of the Union, Moporesidente Thabo Mbeki o ne a solofetsa gore "malapa otlhe a tla nna le metsi a a phepa mo dingwageng di le tlhano". Le fa go nnile le kgatelopele e kgolo, mokgele ono ga o ise o fitlhelelwe ka botlalo. Mo mafelong mangwe a magae, basadi ba dirisa nngwetharong ya nako ya bone ba ga metsi mo melatswaneng le mo didibeng. Gape ba na le boikarabelo jwa go e dirisa go apaya dijo, go tlhatswa diaparo le go tlhapisa bana.

Kgôpô leswê

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Malebana le go tlosa leswe, kgatêlôpele e ntse e le bonya. Palogotlhe ya palo ya batho mo Aforika Borwa ba ba sa kgônêng go fitlhêlêla lesw6e le le "tokafaditswêng" e nê e le didikadike di le lesome le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa 2015.[21][22] Selô sê se raya gore ke fela palo ya 66% ya palogotlhe ya baagi ba ba neng ba kgôna go bôna tirêlô ya kgôpô leswê ê e tokafaditswêng mo ngwageng oo.[21]

Go ya ka diphopholetso tsa WHO/UNICEF Global Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation e e theilweng mo patlisisong le mo tshedimosetsong ya go balwa ga batho, karolo ya Maforika Borwa a a nang le go tokafadiwa ga go tlosa leswe e oketsegile ka iketlo go tswa go 71% ka 1990 go ya go 75% ka 2000 le 79% ka 2010. Ka 2010, go fopholediwa gore batho ba le dimilione di le 11 ba Aforika Borwa ba ne ba sa ntse ba sa kgone go bona leswe le le tokafaditsweng: Ba ne ba dirisa mafelo a a kopanetsweng (dimilione di le 4), matlwana a boithomelo a di-bucket (dimilioni di le 3) kgotsa ba ne ba dira tiro ya go tlhapa (dimiliona di le 4).[23]

Go ya ka Statistics South Africa, phitlhelelo e kwa godimo, ka bontlhanngwe ka gonne e akaretsa didirisiwa tse di kopanetsweng mo tlhalosong ya yone ya leswe. Go ya ka dipalopalo tsa 2011, go fitlhelela leswe go oketsegile go tswa go 83% ka 2001 go ya go 91% ka 2011, go akaretsa le matlwana a boithomelo a a kopanetsweng le a a ikemetseng ka nosi mmogo le matlwana ao a nang le dikhemikale.[24] Palo ya malapa a a nang le matlwana a boithomelo a a nang da metsi e oketsegile go tswa go 53% ka 2001 go ya go 60% ka 2011. Ditlamorago tsa boitekanelo tsa go tlhaela ga leswe le le phepa di ka nna masisi, jaaka go supilwe ke batho ba le dimilione di le 1.5 ba ba nang le letshololo mo baneng ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le tlhano le go runya ga kholera ka ngwaga wa 2001.[25] Le fa bontsi jwa di-coliforms di sa gobatse boitekanelo jwa batho, go nna teng ga E. coli, e e apesitseng mo e ka nnang 97% ya dibakateria tsa di-coliforme tse di fitlhelwang mo maleng a diphologolo le mo mantleng, go gatelela go nna teng kwa di-pathogen tse di kotsi thata mo tsamaisong ya metsi (DWAF 1996b).

Boleng jwa tirelo

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Boleng jwa metsi le go tswelela ga phatlalatso

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Boleng jwa tirêlo bo farologana thata mme tshedimosetso ga e a tlhomama. Ka ngwaga wa 2003, 63% ya bommasepala ba ne ba sa kgônê go bolêla gore a ba ne ba fitlhêlêla boleng jwa metsi a a nowang kgotsa nnyaa. Metsi a 37% a ne a emisiwa bobôtlana ka letsatsi le le lengwe ka 2003.[26] Bareki ba ne ba sa tshepe mme gantsi ba sa ntse ba sa tshepa gore boleng jwa metsi a a nowang bo lekane. Ke ka moo Lefapha la Merero ya Metsi le simolotseng ka 2008 leano le le bidiwang "blue drop" le le ikaegileng ka go rotloetsa boleng jwa metsi. Ka fa tlase ga leano, batlamedi ba ditirelo tsa mmasepala ba fiwa setifikeiti sa "blue drop" fa ba fitlhelela ditlhokego dingwe. Tsêno ga di akaretse fela go latela ditekanyetso tsa boleng jwa mêtsi, mme gape le go nna têng ga leano la pabalesego ya metsi, go laola tsamaiso le go ikanyega ga diphelelo tsa sesupisô, gareng ga tsê dingwe.[27]

Tsamaiso eno e tsewa e le ya boditšhabatšhaba e le e e sa tshwaneng le epe mo go laoleng metsi a a nowang mme e amogetswe sentle ke Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Boitekanelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, babogedi ba ba tswang mo lefapheng la poraefete ba re go na le "karolo e e nonofileng" e e dikologileng lenaneo le gore boleng jwa metsi tota bo a senyega mo setšhabeng, "fa puso e leka go nyatsa batlhalosi ba ba tswelelang pele mo ponong ya bone ya gore go na le bothata".[28] Ka 2009, ditsamaiso di le 23 tsa metsi di ne tsa bona setifikeiti sa Blue Drop. Ka 2010, di le 9 di ne tsa latlhegelwa ke yone mme di le 24 di ne tsa e bona lekgetlo la ntlha, di tlisa palogotlhe go 38 (kwa tlase ga 5 peresente) mo dithulaganyong di le 787 tse di neng tsa sekasekiwa. Baopedi ba bararo ba maemo a a kwa godimo e ne e le Johannesburg, Cape Town le torotswana ya Bitou.[29][30]

Metsi a a nosetsang a ntse a gatelelwa thata. Eutrophication ke bothata jo bo ntseng bo oketsega, ka gonne mo e ka nnang nngwetharong ya metsi otlhe a a bolokilweng mo bobolokelong jwa botlhokwa a setse a le gaufi le gore a se ka a tlhola a siamela boikaelelo jwa one fa go sa dirwe maiteko a magolo a go laola metsi. Metsi a a tswang mo meepong, segolobogolo a a tswang mo meepong ya gauta, a fokotsega ka bonako, mme metsi a a nang le asiti e ntsi a simolola go tswa mo meepong e e latlhilweng.[31]

55% ya didirisiwa tsa go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe, bogolo jang tse dinnye, ga di fitlhelele ditekanyetso tsa leswe mme tse dingwe ga di lebale boleng jwa leswe. Ka go tshwana le tsamaiso ya setifikeiti sa go wela kwa tlase ga botala jwa loapi sa metsi a a nowang, puso e simolotse setifikeiti ya go wela kwa godimo ga botala jo botala jwa botala jwa go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe a mmasepala. Go tloga ka Motsheganong 2011, ba le 7 mo go ba le 159 ba ba nang le metsi ba ne ba tlhomamisitswe ka go wela ga botala, le ba le 32 mo go ba ba 1,237 ba ba nang dabalesego ya metsi a a leswe.[32] Ka 2009, fa didirisiwa di le 449 tsa go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe di ne di tlhatlhobiwa, go ya ka tshedimosetso ya semmuso ya puso, 7% e ne e tsewa e le e e laolwang sentle, 38% "e ne e dira ka fa gare ga ditekanyetso tse di amogelesegang" mme 55% e ne e sa dire ka fa gare ka fa gare le ditekanyetso tse tse di amogelesegeng.[33][34]

Batho ba ba Amegang

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Lefapha la metsi le leswe la setšhaba mo Aforika Borwa le rulagantswe ka ditlhopha tse tharo tse di farologaneng:

  • Puso ya bosetšhaba, e emetswe ke Lefapha la Metsi le Boitekanelo (DWS), jaaka motlhatlhobi wa melao.
  • Dibouto tsa Metsi, tse di tlamelang thata metsi a mantsi, mme gape le ditirelo dingwe tsa go rekisa le go tsamaisa difeketiri dingwe tsa go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe, mo godimo ga go nna le seabe mo tsamaisong ya metswedi ya metsi;
  • Bommasepala, ba ba tlamelang ka ditirelo tse dintsi tsa go rekisa mme gape ba na le dingwe tsa didirisiwa tse dintsi.

Dibanka, mokgatlho wa porofeshenale wa WISA, Khomišene ya Dipatlisiso tsa Metsi le setšhaba le tsone ke batho ba ba botlhokwa mo lefapheng.

 
Mmapa o o bontshang dikgaolo (tse di nang le dinomoro) tsa Aforika Borwa 

Bommasepala. Go ya ka Molaotheo, Molao wa Dikago tsa Mmasepala le Molao wa Ditirelo tsa Metsi wa 1997 maikarabelo a go tlamela ka ditirelo tsa metsi le tsa leswe le mo diatleng tsa balaodi ba ditirelo tsa Medi, tse Molao wa Diterelo tsa Metse o di tlhalosang jaaka bommasepala.[35] Go na le bommasepala ba dikgaolo ba le 52 le bommasepaleng ba selegae ba le 231 mo Aforika Borwa (bona Bommasepala ba Aforika Kibbaa).[36]

Hisitori le ditiragalo tsa bosheng

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Lefelo le le kwa godimo la Central Business District ya Johannesburg jaaka le bonwa go tswa kwa observatory ya Carlton Centre

Ka nako ya tlhaolele, puso ya bosetšhaba e ne e se na seabe mo go tlameleng metsi a setšhaba kgotsa ditirelo tsa leswe.[37]

Molao wa Tsamaiso ya mêts

si (MSA) o ne wa baya maikarabelo a ditirelo tsê metsi mo ôusong ya selêgae. Ka jalo go ne ga nna boikaêaôelo jwa ôoô po nngwe le nngwe go tlamela baagô boêlhe kê metsi a aêphepa le diêiôelo tsa goêphepafatsa. Madi a go tokafatsa tsamaiso yê metsi le ya kgeleloleswe a ne a tla tswa mo pusông ya bosetšhaba ka go dirisa MIG ya Ditšhireletso tma Mêôheo wa Masepala kgotsa Ditshenyegelo tse di Tshwanelang, kgotsa ka go kokoanye lêtôeno lwa leôelê leo.

Bona gape

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Ditshupiso

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  1. ↑ ""Most progressive water utility in Africa" wins 2014 Stockholm Industry Water Award". Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  2. ↑ "The 11 cities most likely to run out of drinking water – like Cape Town" 11 February 2018. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-42982959.
  3. ↑ In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water, Reuters, January 25, 2018
  4. ↑ Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel, Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018
  5. ↑ The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel, aish, February 11, 2018
  6. ↑ South African stupidity, Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 FAO Auqastat: South Africa 2005. Retrieved 24 October 2010
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 World Resources Institute: Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems – South Africa. Retrieved 24 October 2010
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Orange-Senqu River Commission. Retrieved 18 June 2011
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Limpopo Watercourse Commission. Retrieved 18 June 2011
  11. ↑ Rand Water:Background. Retrieved 24 October 2010
  12. ↑ "Risk Assessment for South Africa's first direct wastewater reclamation system for drinking water production" (PDF). Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  13. ↑ "Beaufort West Water Reclamation Plant: First Direct (Toilet-to-Tap) Water Reclamation Plant in South Africa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  14. ↑ Constitution of 1996, Chapter 2, Section 27
  15. ↑ BUSARI, Ola and JACKSON, Barry: Reinforcing water and sanitation sector reform in South Africa, Water Policy, 2006, vol. 8, no 4, pp. 303–312.
  16. ↑ "Controlling Corruption to Improve Water Security: Lessons from the South African Water Sector". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 2020-06-03. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  17. ↑ ""Better water supply, collection management systems needed to avoid day zero water crisis"". SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader. 2021-05-22. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  18. ↑ Adam, Ferrial (2021-04-29). "MAVERICK CITIZEN OP-ED: Government must urgently deal with South Africa's deepening water crisis". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  19. ↑ "50 000 litres of sewage flow into SA's rivers every second". The Mail & Guardian. 2017-07-21. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  20. ↑ "Water services worse than in 1994". The Mail & Guardian. 2020-01-30. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 "WASHwatch.org – South Africa". washwatch.org. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 WHO/UNICEF (2015) Progress on sanitation and drinking water – 2015 update and MDG assessment, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
  23. ↑ WHO/UNICEF:Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation:Data table South Africa, 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2012
  24. ↑ Statistics South Africa (October 2012). "Census 2011: Statistical Release" (PDF). p. 52–53. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  25. ↑ 2001 basic household sanitation White Paper
  26. ↑ Infrastructure Barometer 2006, p. 121–122
  27. ↑ Talbot Laboratories:Blue drop, green drop. Retrieved 18 June 2011
  28. ↑ Water Rhapsody:‘Blue Drop’ water quality scheme gains momentum, but critics say more is needed, 21 November 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2011. Quote from Dr Anthony Turton, TouchStone Resources
  29. ↑ Polity.org.za:Blue Drop Report 2010: South African Drinking Water Quality Management Performance (April 2010). Retrieved 18 June 2011
  30. ↑ Department of Water Affairs:Blue Drop Report 2010, p. 2 and 5 retrieved on 18 June 2011
  31. ↑ UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis:South Africa:Paying the Price for Mining, 15 February 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  32. ↑ Department of Water Affairs:Green Drop Cerfification. Retrieved 18 June 2011
  33. ↑ Department of Water Affairs:Statement by the Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs, Ms Buyelwa Sonjica, release of the Green Drop Report, 29 April 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2011
  34. ↑ Department of Water Affairs:Green Drop Report 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2011
  35. ↑ Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs:Water Services Act of 1997. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
  36. ↑ eThekwini Municipality. "eThekwinie Water and Sanitation: Who we Are?". Archived from the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  37. ↑ "History of Water and Sanitation in South Africa". wp.wpi.edu. 2009. Retrieved 2017-05-17.
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