Pretoria (Pitori)
Pretoria (/prɪˈtɔːriə, pri-/ Pri-TOR-ee-ə, pree-; ke motsemogolo wa botsamaisi wa Aforika Borwa. E direla jaaka bonno jwa lekala la botsamaisi la puso, le jaaka moamogedi wa boemedi jotlhe jwa dinaga di sele kwa Aforika Borwa.[1]
Pretoria e kgabaganya Noka ya Apies mme e ya kwa botlhaba e fetelele go ya kwa tlase ga dithaba tsa Magaliesberg. E na le maemo a go nna toropo ya thuto le lefelo la dipatlisiso. Ke le legae la diyunibesothi tse mmalwa, di akaretsa Tshwane University of Technology (TUT), University of Pretoria (UP), University of South Africa (UNISA), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), le Human Sciences Research Council. Gape e na le National Research Foundation le South African Bureau of Standards. Pretoria e ne e le nngwe ya ditoropo tse di neng di tshwaretse 2010 FIFA World Cup mo dingwageng tse di fitileng.[2]
Pretoria ke karolo e e fa gare ya Mmasepala wa Tshwane Metropolitan. E bopilwe ke go kopanngwa ga balaodi ba selegae ba le mmalwa, se se akaretsa Bronkhorstspruit, Centurion, Cullinan, Hammanskraal le Soshanguve. Bangwe ba akantshitse go fetola leina la semmuso go tswa go Pretoria go ya go Tshwane, se se ne sa bakakganetsano ya setšhaba.
Pretoria e reeletswe ka moeteledipele wa Voortrekker e bong Andries Pretorius, mme Maaforika Borwa ka dinako tse dingwe ba e bitsa "Motse wa Jacaranda",[3] ka ntlha ya diketekete tsa ditlhare tsa jacaranda tse di jetsweng go bapa le mebila ya yone le mo diphakeng le ditshingwaneng tsa yone.[4][5]
Pretoria e ne ya tlhomiwa ka 1855 ke Marthinus Pretorius, moeteledipele wa Voortrekkers, yo o neng a e reelela ka rraagwe Andries Pretorius mme a tlhopha lefelo mo dintshing tsa noka ya Apies (Afrikaans for "Monkeys river") go nna motsemoshate o moša wa Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa (Dutch: Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek; ZAR). Pretorius yo mogolwane o ne a nna mogaka wa bosetšhaba wa Voortrekkers morago ga phenyo ya gagwe mo Dingane le MaZulu kwa Ntweng ya Blood River ka 1838. Pretorius yo mogolwane gape o ne a buisana ka Tumalano ya Noka ya Sand (1852), e mo go yone United Kingdom e neng ya amogela boipuso jwa Transvaal. E ne ya nna motsemogolo wa Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa ka 1 Motsheganong 1860.
Go tlhomiwa ga Pretoria jaaka motsemogolo wa Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa go ka bonwa jaaka go tshwaya bokhutlo jwa mekgatlho ya go nna ga Ba-Boer ya Great Trek.
Dintwa tsa Maburu
fetolaKa nako ya Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Maburu, toropo e ne ya dikaganyediwa ke masole a Rephaboliki ka Sedimonthole 1880 le Mopitlwe 1881. Tumelano ya kagiso e e neng ya khutlisa ntwa e ne ya saenelwa kwa Pretoria ka di 3 Phatwe 1881 kwa Khonferenseng ya Pretoria.
Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Maburu e ne ya felela ka go fedisiwa ga Rephaboliki ya Transvaal le go simololwa ga puso ya Boritane mo Aforika Borwa.[6] Toropo e ne ya ineela go masole a Boritane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke Frederick Roberts ka 5 Seetebosigo 1900 mme kgotlhang e ne ya fela kwa Pretoria ka go saeniwa ga Kagiso ya Vereeniging ka 31 Motsheganong 1902 kwa Melrose House.
Dikago tsa Pretoria di ne tsa agiwa go sireletsa toropo pele fela ga Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Maburu. Le fa gone gompieno dingwe tsa dikago tseno tsa phemelo e le matlotla, di le mmalwa tsa tsone di bolokilwe e le difikantswe tsa setšhaba.
Kgolagano ya Aforika Borwa
fetolaDi-Boer Republics tsa ZAR le Orange River Colony di ne tsa kopanngwa le Cape Colony le Natal Colony ka 1910 go nna Union of South Africa. Pretoria e ne ya nna motsemogolo wa botsamaisi wa Aforika Borwa yotlhe, Cape Town e ne e le motsemogolo o o neng o dira jaaka motsemogolo le Bloemfontein jaaka motsemogogolo wa boatlhodi. Gareng ga 1910 le 1994, toropo e ne gape e le motsemogolo wa porofense ya Transvaal. (E re ka Pretoria e ne e le motsemogolo wa ZAR, e ne e tseetse Potchefstroom sebaka.) Ka 14 October 1931, Pretoria e fitlhile maemo a semmuso a go nna toropo. Fa Aforika Borwa e ne e nna repaboliki ka 1961, Pretoria e ne ya nna motsemogolo wa yona.[7]
- ↑ "South Africa at a glance". South African Government. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ↑ https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC31161
- ↑ "10 SA city nicknames, and why they're called that". News24. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
- ↑ "South Africa's provinces: Gauteng". Retrieved 14 June 2011.
- ↑ https://www.theheritageportal.co.za/article/history-jacaranda-trees-pretoria
- ↑ https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/second-anglo-boer-war-1899-1902
- ↑ Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 54