Wikipedia

Protoplasm

Protoplasm[1] [2]kana protoplasms[3] ke karolo e e tshelang ya sele e e dikologilweng ke plasma membrane. Ke motswako wa dimolekhule tse dinnye tse di jaaka di-ion, di-monosaccharide, di-amino acid, le di-macromolecule tse di jaaka di-protein, di-polysaccharide, di-lipid, jalo le jalo.

Mo ditlhalosong tse dingwe, ke lereo le le akaretsang cytoplasm (sekao, Mohl, 1846),[4]mme mo go tse dingwe, gape le akaretsa nucleoplasm (sekao, Strasburger, 1882). Go ya ka Sharp (1921), "Go ya ka tsela e e neng e dirisiwa ka yone bogologolo, karolo e e kwa ntle ga nyutlease ya protoplast [sele yotlhe, go sa akarediwe le lebota la sele] e ne e bidiwa "protoplasm", mme nucleus le yone e dirilwe ka protoplasm, kgotsa selo se se tshelang ka tsela e kgolwane. Go dumelana ga jaanong ke go tila go sa utlwane gono ka go dirisa Strasburger's (1882) mafoko a cytoplasm [e e tlhamilweng ke Kölliker (1863), kwa tshimologong e le lefoko le le tshwanang le protoplasm] le nucleoplasm [lefoko le le tlhamilweng ke van Beneden (1875), kgotsa karyoplasm, le le dirisitsweng ke Flemming (1878)]".[5] [6][7][8][9]

Tlhaloso ya cytoplasm ya Strasburger e ne e sa akaretse di-plastide (Chromatoplasm)[10].

Mareo

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Kwantle ga "protoplasm", go ne ga dirisiwa mafoko a mangwe a le mantsi a a amanang le one le ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go tlhalosa se se mo teng ga sele fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. E ne e le tse di latelang:[11][12]

  • Urschleim (Oken, 1802, 1809),[13][14]
  • Protoplasma (Purkinje, 1840, von Mohl, 1846),[15][16]
  • Primordialschlauch (primordial utricle, von Mohl, 1846),[17]
  • sarcode (Dujardin, 1835, 1841),[18][19]
  • Cytoplasma (Kölliker, 1863),[20]
  • Hautschicht/Körnerschicht (ectoplasm/endoplasm, Pringsheim, 1854; Hofmeister, 1867),[21][22]
  • Grundsubstanz (ground substance, Cienkowski, 1863),[23]
  • metaplasm/protoplasm (Hanstein, 1868),[24]
  • deutoplasm/protoplasm (van Beneden, 1870),[25]
  • bioplasm (Beale, 1872),[26]
  • paraplasm/protoplasm (Kupffer, 1875),[27]
  • inter-filar substance theory (Velten, 1876)[28]
  • Hyaloplasma (Pfeffer, 1877),[29]
  • Protoplast (Hanstein, 1880),[30]
  • Enchylema/Hyaloplasma (Hanstein, 1880),[31]
  • Kleinkörperchen or Mikrosomen (small bodies or microsomes, Hanstein, 1882)[32],
  • paramitome (Flemming, 1882),[33]
  • Idioplasma (Nageli, 1884),
  • Zwischensubstanz (inter-alveolar substance, Bütschli, 1892),
  • Grundplasma (ground plasma, Schütt, 1895),[34]
  • ergastoplasme (Garnier, 1897),[35]
  • phaneroplasm/cryptoplasm (Seifriz, 1931),[36]
  • cytoplasmic matrix (Munson, 1899; zytoplasmatische Matrix, Bergmann, 1956),[37][38]
  • Protoplasma- oder Zelleinschlüsse (protoplasmic or cellular inclusions, Szymonowicz, 1901),[39][40]
  • kinoplasm/trophoplasm (Strasburger et at., 1912),[41]
  • cytosol (Lardy, 1965).[42]

Histori

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Lefoko "protoplasm" le tswa mo Segerikeng protos e e rayang selo sa ntlha, le plasma e e rayang selo se se bopilweng, mme kwa tshimologong le ne le dirisiwa mo dilong tsa bodumedi. [43]E ne ya dirisiwa ka 1839 ke J. E. Purkinje go tswa mo selong se se tswang mo mpeng ya phologolo.[44] [45]Moragonyana, ka 1846 Hugo von Mohl o ne a tlhalosa lefoko le gape (le gape le bidiwang Primordialschlauch, "primordial utricle") go kaya "selo se se thata, se se serolwana, se se boleta, se se metsi" mo teng ga disele tsa semela, go farologanya seno le lebota la sele le matute a sele (Zellsaft) mo teng ga vacuole.[46] Max Schultze ka 1861 o ne a tshitshinya "Protoplasm Doctrine" e e bolelang gore disele tsotlhe tse di tshelang di dirilwe ka selo se se tshelang se se bidiwang Protoplasm. [47]Thomas Huxley (1869) moragonyana o ne a e bitsa "the physical basis of life" mme a akanya gore botshelo bo nnile teng ka ntlha ya go tsamaisiwa ga dimolekhule mo teng ga selo seno.[48]Protoplasm e ne ya nna "selo sa epistemic". Le fa go ntse jalo, tsela e e neng e dirilwe ka yone e ne e sa itsiwe e bile go ne go na le dikganetsano tse dintsi malebana le gore e ne e le seokobatsi sa mofuta mang. [49]

Ka 1872, Beale o ne a tlhama lereo la vitalist "bioplasm", [50][51]go farologana le materialism ya ga Huxley. Ka 1880, Hanstein (1880) o ne a akantsha lereo protoplast go kaya sele yotlhe, go sa akaretswe lebota la sele, mme bakwadi bangwe ba ba jaaka Julius von Sachs (1882) ba ne ba rata leina leo go na le sele. Ka 1965, Lardy o ne a tlhagisa lefoko "cytosol", le le neng la tlhalosiwa gape go kaya seedi se se mo teng ga disele. [52]

Ka nako ya fa Huxley a ne a kwala, go ne go setse go na le kganetsano e e sa bolong go nna teng ka lobaka lo loleele e e malebana le gore botshelo bo simologile kae: a e ne e le sele kgotsa e ne e le protoplasm? Kwa bofelong jwa bo1860, kgang eno e ne ya rarabololwa ka go buelela protoplasm. Sele e ne e le sejana sa protoplasm, e leng selo sa konokono se se dirang gore botshelo bo nne teng. Thuso ya konokono ya ga Huxley e ne e le go tlhoma protoplasm jaaka e e sa tsamaelaneng le kgopolo ya botshelo. [53] Maiteko a go batlisisa tshimologo ya botshelo ka go dira "protoplasm" ya maitirelo mo laboratoring ga a ka a atlega.[54]

Kgopolo ya gore protoplasm ya eukaryotes e ka aroganngwa fela go nna selo se se bidiwang "cytoplasm" le mmele o o bidiwang cell nucleus e bontsha kitso ya bogologolo ya popego ya sele e e neng ya nna teng pele ga go simololwa go dirisiwa maekorosekopo ya eleketeroniki, fa go ne go bonala gore cytoplasm e ne e le seedi se se tshwanang mme go nna teng ga dikarolo tse di kwa tlase ga sele, kgotsa gore disele di boloka popego ya tsone jang, go ne go sa itsiwe. [55] Gompieno, go itsege gore disele tse di mo teng ga disele di na le popego e e raraaneng thata e bile di na le di-organelle tse dintsi, cytoskeleton le di-biomolecular condensates. Lefoko protoplasm le kgaogantswe ka dikarolo tse pedi e leng cytoplasm le nucleus.

Tlhaloso

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mofuta wa naga

Protoplasm e na le mmele o o phatsimang, e na le serurubele, e le semifluid kgotsa e le viscous. Mo go yone, go na le dikarolwana tse di bopegileng ka ditsela tse di farologaneng le tse di bogolo jo bo sa tshwaneng tse di tlhatlhetsweng mo thulaganyong. E ka nna ya nna teng mo maemong a mabedi a a ka fetolwang a a tshwanang le a seedi le a a tshwanang le a jeli a a tshwanang le a jeli. Dimolekhule tse di mo go yone di kgona go tsamaya ka kgololesego fa di le mo boemong jwa sol, fa di le mo boemong jwa gel, dimolekhule tse di mo go yone di rulagantswe sentle. Protoplasm ga e bonale sentle fa e gotediwa. Gape e a omelela fa e gotediwa. E fitlhelwa gongwe le gongwe mo seleng.[56] Mo eukaryotes, karolo ya protoplasm e e dikologang nucleus ya sele e bidiwa cytoplasm mme karolo e e mo teng ga nucleus e bidiwa nucleoplasm. Mo go di-prokaryotes dilo tse di mo teng ga plasma membrane ke cytoplasm ya bacteria, fa mo go di-Gram-negative bacteria kgaolo e e kwa ntle ga plasma membrane mme e le mo teng ga membrane e e kwa ntle ke periplasm. [57]

sebopego sa dikhemikale

Go na le dielemente tse di ka nnang 30, tse di jaaka khabone, haeterojene, okosejene, phosphorus, sulphur, calcium le tse dingwe tse dintsi tse di bonwang mo protoplasm ya disele tse di farologaneng. Di dira dikhompoune, jaaka metsi (65-80%), dikhabohaetereite, ione, poroteine, di-lipid, di-nucleic acid (DNA le RNA), di-fatty acid, glycerol, di-nucleotide, di-nucleoside le diminerale. Di a tshela fa fela di sa ntse di le karolo ya protoplasm. Ga di kgone go dira ditiro tsa botshelo ka botsone fela. Go tlhamiwa ga protoplasm ga go dumalane le diphetogo tse di tswelelang go diragala mo go yone. [58]

Tiriso

Dikarolo dingwe tsa protoplasm ke:- E tlamela ka lefelo le ditiro tsotlhe tsa botshelo di diragalang mo go lone. Disele di tsibogela dilo tse di farologaneng tse di jaaka themperetšha, lesedi, dikhemikale, maatlakgogedi, go tlhabiwa, go tshosediwa ka motlakase le tse dingwe ka ntlha ya dinonofo tsa protoplasm. Cyclosis (tsamaiso e e tsamayang ya protoplasm e bidiwa Cyclosis. E thusa gore dilo tse di farologaneng di anamisiwe sentle mo diseleng.) [59]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ "protoplasm". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021.[1]
  2. ↑ "protoplasm". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.[2]
  3. ↑ The dictionary definition of protoplasm at Wiktionary
  4. ↑ Cammack, Richard; Teresa Atwood; Attwood, Teresa K.; Campbell, Peter Scott; Parish, Howard I.; Smith, Tony; Vella, Frank; Stirling, John (2006), Oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology, Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-852917-0[3]
  5. ↑ Sharp, L. W. (1921). Introduction To Cytology. New York: McGraw Hill, p. 25.[4]
  6. ↑ Strasburger, E. (1882). Ueber den Theilungsvorgang der Zellkerne und das Verhältnis der Kernteilung zur Zellteilung. Arch Mikr Anat, 21: 476-590, BHL.[5]
  7. ↑ Beneden, E. van (1875). La maturation de l'oeuf, la fécondation et les premières de développement embryonnaire des Mammiferes d'après les recherches faites chez le lapin. Bull. Acad. Bel. Cl. Sci. 40, 2 sèr.: 686-736, BHL.[6]
  8. ↑ Flemming, W. (1878). Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Zelle und ihrer Lebenserscheinungen. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., 16: 302-436, p. 360, BHL.[7]
  9. ↑ Battaglia, E. (2009). Caryoneme alternative to chromosome and a new caryological nomenclature. Caryologia, 62(4), 1.[8]
  10. ↑ Parker, J. 1972. Protoplasmic resistance to water deficits, p. 125-176. In: Kozlowski, T. T. (ed.), Water deficits and plant growth. Vol. III. Plant responses and control of water balance. Academic Press, New York, p. 144, [1].
  11. ↑ Sharp (1921), p. 11, 32-34
  12. ↑ Battaglia, E. (1985). Meiosis and mitosis: a terminological criticism. Annali di Botanica (Rome) 43: 101–140. (Table 3, "-plasma derivatives", p. 118).[9]
  13. ↑ Grundriss der Naturphilosophie
  14. ↑ Lehrbuch der Naturphilosophie.
  15. ↑ Purkinje J.E. 1840. Über die Analogien in den Strukturelementen des thierischen und pflanzichen Organismus. In: Übersicht der Arbeiten und Veränderungen der schlesischen Gesellschaft für vaterländische Kultur, Jahre 1839: 81.[10]
  16. ↑ von Mohl, H. 1846. Ueber die Saftbewegung im Inneren der Zellen. Bot. Ztg. 4: 73-78, 89-94.[11]
  17. ↑ von Mohl, H. 1846. Ueber die Saftbewegung im Inneren der Zellen. Bot. Ztg. 4: 73-78, 89-94.[12]
  18. ↑ Dujardin, F. 1835. Recherches sur les organisms inférieurs. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 4: 343–377, [2].
  19. ↑ Dujardin, F. (1841). Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes Infusoires. Paris: Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret. p. 26.
  20. ↑ Kölliker, R. A. v. (1863). Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen. 4. Auflage. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.[13]
  21. ↑ Wayne (2009), p. 134.
  22. ↑ Vines, S. H. (1877). An account of Prof. Strasburger's observation on protoplasm. Quart. J. Micr. Sc., Lond., 1877, n. s., 17, pp. 124-132. link.[14]
  23. ↑ Cienkowski, L. 1863. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Myxomyceten. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 3: 325-337, [3].[15]
  24. ↑ Wayne (2009), p. 134.
  25. ↑ Van Beneden, E. Recherches sur la composition et la signification de l'œuf. F. Hayez, Bruxelles, 1870 (Extrait du tome XXXIV des Mém. cour. des savants étrangers, publiés par l'Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique). link.[16]
  26. ↑ Beale, L. S. (1872). Bioplasm. London: J. & A. Churchill.[17]
  27. ↑ Kupffer, K. W. 1875. Ueber Differenzierung des Protoplasmas an den Zellen tierischer Gewebe. Schriften des Naturwissenschaft, Vereins für Schleswig-Holstein, 1 (3), 229-242, link.[18]
  28. ↑ Velten, W. 1876. Die physikalische Beschaffenhoit des pflanzlichon Protoplasmas. Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat. Kl., 73: I 131-151, [4].[19]
  29. ↑ Pfeffer, W. Osmotische Untersuchungen. W. Engelmann, Leipzig. link.[20]
  30. ↑ Hanstein (1880), pp. 24, 39.
  31. ↑ Hanstein (1880), pp. 24, 39
  32. ↑ Wayne (2009), p. 134
  33. ↑ Flemming, W. (1882). Zellsubstanz, Kern, und Zelltheilung. Vogel, Leipzig, [5].[21]
  34. ↑ Schütt, F. (1895). Die Peridineen der Plankton Expedition. Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition des Humbold-Stiftung, Bd IV, p. 1–27, Lipsius & Tischer, Kiel. link.[22]
  35. ↑ Battaglia, E. (1985). Meiosis and mitosis: a terminological criticism. Annali di Botanica (Rome) 43: 101–140. (Table 3, "-plasma derivatives", p. 118).[23]
  36. ↑ Seifriz, W. (1931). The structure of protoplasm. Science 73, 648-649. link.[24]
  37. ↑ Munson, J. P., 1899 The Ovarian Egg of Limulus. Athenaeum Press, Boston, Massachusetts
  38. ↑ Bargmann, W. (1956). Über einige Probleme und Ergebnisse des elektronen-mikroskopischen Studiums der Zelle. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 81 (28): 1109-1125.
  39. ↑ Szymonowicz, L. (1901). Lehrbuch der Histologie und der mikroskopischen Anatomie. Stuber, Würzburg. link.[25]
  40. ↑ Szymonowicz, L. (1902). Textbook of histology and microscopic anatomy of the human body, including microscopic technique. Philadelphia, Lea Bros. link.[26]
  41. ↑ Wayne (2009), p. 134
  42. ↑ Lardy, H. A. 1965. On the direction of pyridine nucleotide oxidation-reduction reactions in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. In: Control of energy metabolism, edited by B. Chance, R. Estabrook, and J. R. Williamson. New York: Academic, 1965, p. 245, [7][27]
  43. ↑ Wayne, R. 2009. Plant Cell Biology: From Astronomy to Zoology. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, p. 133.[28]
  44. ↑ Purkinje J.E. 1840. Über die Analogien in den Strukturelementen des thierischen und pflanzichen Organismus. In: Übersicht der Arbeiten und Veränderungen der schlesischen Gesellschaft für vaterländische Kultur, Jahre 1839: 81.[29]
  45. ↑ Bynum, W. F., Browne, E. J. & Porter, R. (1981). Dictionary of the history of science. Princeton University Press.[30]
  46. ↑ von Mohl, H. 1846. Ueber die Saftbewegung im Inneren der Zellen. Bot. Ztg. 4: 73-78, 89-94.[31]
  47. ↑ Candid ICSE Biology Class 9. New Delhi: Evergreen Publications (India) Ltd. 2020. p. 1.3. ISBN 9788173133718.[32]
  48. ↑ Huxley, T. H. 1869. The Physical Basis of Life. New Haven, Conn., The College Courant.[33]
  49. ↑ Harvey, E. N. (1938), "Some Physical Properties of Protoplasm", Journal of Applied Physics, 9 (2): 68–80, Bibcode:1938JAP.....9...68H, doi:10.1063/1.1710397, archived from the original on 2013-01-12
  50. ↑ Beale, L. S. (1872). Bioplasm. London: J. & A. Churchill
  51. ↑ Bynum et al. (1981), p. 344.
  52. ↑ Wayne (2009), p. 15
  53. ↑ Geison, Gerald (1969), "The Protoplasmic Theory of Life and the Vitalist-Mechanist Debate", Isis, 60 (3): 272–292, doi:10.1086/350498, PMID 4919832, S2CID 39167693
  54. ↑ Lardy, H. A. 1965. On the direction of pyridine nucleotide oxidation-reduction reactions in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. In: Control of energy metabolism, edited by B. Chance, R. Estabrook, and J. R. Williamson. New York: Academic, 1965, p. 245, [7][34]
  55. ↑ Satir, P. (2005), "Tour of organelles through the electron microscope: A reprinting of Keith R. Porter's classic Harvey Lecture with a new introduction", The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology, 287A (2): 1184–1204, doi:10.1002/ar.a.20222, PMID 16265625
  56. ↑ Candid ICSE Biology Class 9. New Delhi: Evergreen Publications (India) Ltd. 2020. p. 1.3. ISBN 9788173133718.[35]
  57. ↑ Cammack, Richard; Teresa Atwood; Attwood, Teresa K.; Campbell, Peter Scott; Parish, Howard I.; Smith, Tony; Vella, Frank; Stirling, John (2006), Oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology, Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-852917-0[36]
  58. ↑ Larson, P. R. (1994). The Vascular Cambium: Development and Structure. Springer-Verlag: New York and Berlin, p. 30-31, [8].[37]
  59. ↑ Candid ICSE Biology Class 9. New Delhi: Evergreen Publications (India) Ltd. 2020. p. 1.3. ISBN 9788173133718.[38]
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