Tonic water
Tonic water (kgotsa Indian tonic water) ke senô se se nang le khabonate se mo go sone quinine e tlhakatlhakaneng. Kwa tshimologong e ne e dirisiwa go thibela malaria, mme gompieno metsi a a nonotshang gantsi a na le selekanyo se se kwa tlase thata sa quinine mme gantsi a tswakilwe ka sukiri. E jewa ka ntlha ya tatso ya yone e e bogale mme gantsi e dirisiwa mo dinong tse di tlhakantsweng, segolobogolo mo gin le tonic.
Histori
fetolaGo sale gale mo ngwagakgolong wa bo lesome le bosupa Ba-Spain ba ne ba dirisa quinine go tswa mo lekwating la ditlhare tsa Cinchona go alafa malaria morago ga go bontshiwa kalafi go tswa mo bathong ba Baaborijene ba Peru, Bolivia le Ecuador.[1]
Kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le boferabongwe kwa India le kwa mafelong a mangwe a a mogote a Mmusomogolo wa Boritane, quinine ya kalafi e ne ya buelelwa go badiredi ba puso le masole a Boritane go thibela malaria,[2] koo e neng ya tswakanngwa le soda le sukiri go bipa tatso ya yone e e botlhoko, go dira metsi a a nonotshang.
Metsi a tonic a ntlha a kgwebo a ne a tlhagisiwa ka 1858 fa a ne a neelwa tetla ya semolao ke mong wa Pitt & Co., Erasmus Bond. [3][4]Seno se se tswakantsweng sa gin le tonic le sone se simolotse kwa India ya bokoloniale ya Boritane, fa Boritane e ne e tswakanya quinine tonic ya bone ya kalafi le gin le diteng tse dingwe go dira gore molemo o o bogalaka o nne monate.[5] Masole a kwa India a ne a setse a neilwe dijini, ka jalo go ne go le motlhofo go dira motswako o o monate.[6] Ka 1868, rekoto ya ntlha e e itsegeng ya gin le tonic e ne e le mo makasineng wa Oriental Sporting mme e ne ya tlhalosiwa e le sejo se se lapolosang mo babogeding ba mabelo a dipitse, e seng jaaka molemo. [7]
Boleng jwa quinine
fetolaKwa tshimologong, metsi a a dirisediwang go alafa a ne a na le metsi a a nang le khabonetaeokosaete fela le khinin e ntsi. Metsi a mantsi a segompieno a a nonotshang a na le quinine e nnye thata, mme gantsi a okediwa ka ditatlele. Ka ntlha ya selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa quinine, tonic water ga e botlhoko thata. Gape gantsi e tswakilwe ka sukiri, gantsi e tswakilwe ka mashi a mmidi a a nang le sukiri e ntsi kgotsa sukiri. Badiri ba bangwe gape ba dira metsi a a oketsang mmele a a nang le dikotla (kgotsa "slimline"), a a ka nnang a bo a na le dilo tse di dirang gore motho a nne botshe jaaka aspartame. Metsi a setso a a nang le selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa quinine le metsi a a nang le khabonate ga a tlwaelega thata, mme a ka nna a ratwa ke batho ba ba eletsang tatso e e botlhoko.
Kwa United States, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) e lekanyetsa gore quinine e ka nna 83 ppm[8] (83 mg ka litara), fa selekanyo sa kalafi sa quinine se le mo magareng ga 500 -1000 mg,[9]le 10 mg/kg diura dingwe le dingwe di le robedi go thibela malaria (2,100 mg letsatsi le letsatsi mo mothong wa bogolo jwa 70 kg (150 lb).[10]Go fitlha ka 2010,[11]quinine e ne e atisa go buelelwa jaaka tharabololo ya dikgobalo tsa maoto, le fa dipatlisiso tsa bongaka di ne di akantsha gore go ne go tlhokega tlhokomelo e e rileng mo go tlhatlhobeng dilekanyo.[12]Ka ntlha ya dikotsi tsa quinine, FDA e tlhagisa badirisi kgatlhanong le go dirisa diokobatsi tsa "off-label" tsa quinine go alafa dikgobalo tsa maoto.[13]
Tiriso
fetola
Gantsi metsi a a nontshang a dirisiwa jaaka motswako wa dino mo di-cocktail, segolobogolo gin le tonic. Vodka tonic le yone e ratiwa thata. Metsi a a nosetsang a a tsentsweng lemon kana lime juice gantsi a bidiwa lemon e e bogale kana lime e e bogale. E itsege thata ka ntlha ya tatso ya yone e e bogale mme e le monate. Tiriso e nngwe ya metsi a a nonotshang ke mo kofing. Espresso le tonic e ne ya dirwa kwa Helsingborg, Sweden, kwa Koppi Roasters morago ga moletlo wa badiri koo ba neng ba tlhakanya metsi a tonic, sirapo le espresso. Go tloga ka 2007, seno se ne sa tuma thata kwa Scandinavia, Yuropa, le United States. [14]
Ditlamorago tse di sa siamang
fetola
Metsi a a nontshang a itsege ka go baka go thunya ga letlalo, [15]e leng mofuta wa go tsiboga ga letlalo mo diokobatsing, ka ntlha ya diteng tsa khinin. Makwalopaka a a farologaneng a saense a begile gore go nwa metsi a a nonotshang gangwe le gape go ka baka go thunya go go sa fetogeng go go nang le bokete jo bo farologaneng, mme e nngwe e begile go simolola ga Stevens-Johnson syndrome. [16] Go ne ga lemogiwa gore go ne go na le go thunya go go sa fetogeng fa balwetse ba sena go nwa metsi a a nonotshang mmele, a le nosi kgotsa a tswakanngwa le gin. Matshwao a mangwe a go thunya ga letlalo a akaretsa macules a a nang le mmala, letshoroma le le kwa godimo, di-plaque tsa erythematous, le di-bulla. [17][18]
Go phatsima
fetola
Quinine e e mo metsing a a nonotshang mmele e tla ntsha lesedi la ultraviolet. Tota e bile, quinine e tla nna le fluoresce e e bonalang sentle fa e le mo letsatsing le le tlhamaletseng e le kgatlhanong le lefelo le le lefifi.[19] Dimolekhule tsa quinine di ntsha maatla jaaka lesedi go na le mogote, o o tlwaelegileng thata. Maemo a ga a tlhomama mme dimolekhule di tla boela kwa maemong a motheo mme di se tlhole di phatsima.[20]
Metswedi
fetola- ↑ Achan, Jane; Talisuna, Ambrose O; Erhart, Annette; Yeka, Adoke; Tibenderana, James K; Baliraine, Frederick N; Rosenthal, Philip J; D'Alessandro, Umberto (24 May 2011). "Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria". Malaria Journal. 10: 144. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-144. ISSN 1475-2875. PMC 3121651. PMID 21609473.[1]
- ↑ "The Hidden Ingredient In Tonic Water You Should Know About". mindbodygreen. 5 July 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2022.[2]
- ↑ Raustiala, Kal (28 August 2013). "The Imperial Cocktail". Slate. The Slate Group. Retrieved 30 August 2013.[3]
- ↑ "Just the tonic: A natural history of tonic water | Kew". www.kew.org. Retrieved 21 January 2022
- ↑ "Tonic water: sweet, bitter medicine. - Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 30 December 2009
- ↑ Raustiala, Kal (28 August 2013). "Gin and tonic kept the British Empire healthy: The drink's quinine powder was vital for stopping the spread of malaria". Slate.com. Retrieved 25 June 2014.[4]
- ↑ Keel, Toby (19 October 2019). "Curious Questions: Who invented the gin and tonic?". Country Life. Retrieved 4 February 2022.[5]
- ↑ "21 CFR §172.575 Quinine" (PDF). gpo.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2008.[6]
- ↑ "Quinine". Tropical Plant Database. Section "Current practical uses": Raintree Nutrition. Retrieved 10 July 2011
- ↑ Achan, J (2011). "Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria". Malaria Journal. 10 (144): 1–12. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-144. PMC 3121651. PMID 21609473.[7]
- ↑ "FDA Drug Safety Communication: New risk management plan and patient Medication Guide for Qualaquin (quinine sulfate)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 7 August 2010. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2011.[8]
- ↑ Brasić, JR (1999). "Should people with nocturnal leg cramps drink tonic water and bitter lemon?". Psychol Rep. 84 (2): 355–67. doi:10.2466/pr0.1999.84.2.355. PMID 10335049. S2CID 42278918.[9]
- ↑ "FDA Advances Effort Against Marketed Unapproved Drugs: FDA Orders Unapproved Quinine Drugs from the Market and Cautions Consumers About Off-Label Quinine to Treat Leg Cramps". United States Food and Drug Administration. 11 December 2006. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.[10]
- ↑ "Espresso&Tonic: The Story of the Famous Coffee Drink". European Coffee Trip. 3 August 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2022
- ↑ Shiohara, Tetsuo. "Fixed Drug Eruption". Up To Date. Retrieved 21 January 2022
- ↑ Wada (20 May 2021). "Stevens-Johnson syndrome induced by tonic water". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 35 (10): e662–e663. doi:10.1111/jdv.17368. PMID 34014581. S2CID 234793002. Retrieved 21 January 2022.[11]
- ↑ Bel, Blandine (12 October 2009). "Fixed eruption due to quinine contained in tonic water: positive patch-testing". Contact Dermatitis. 61 (4): 242–244. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01617.x. PMID 19825101. S2CID 673226. Retrieved 21 January 2022
- ↑ Ohira, Aoi (3 June 2013). "Fixed eruption due to quinine in tonic water: A case report with high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet A analysis". The Journal of Dermatology. 40 (8): 629–631. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.12195. PMID 23724855. S2CID 21534602. Retrieved 21 January 2022
- ↑ Steve Fentress (9 August 2011). "The Blue Glow Of Quinine". indianapublicmedia.org. Retrieved 16 February 2020
- ↑ "Shining Science: Explore Glow-in-the-Dark Water!". Scientific American. Retrieved 4 February 2022.[12]