Wikipedia

Tribe

Lefoko lotso le dirisiwa ka ditsela tse dintsi tse di farologaneng go kaya setlhopha sa loago sa batho. Tiriso e kgolo ya lefatshe lotlhe ya lefoko leno ka Seesemane ke mo go tsa thutoloago ya batho. Tlhaloso ya yone e a ganetsanwa, ka ntlha ya go ganetsana ga ditlhaloganyo tsa thutabodumedi ka ga ditheo tsa loago le tsa losika, gape e supa tiriso ya bothata ya kgopolo eno mo ditheong tsa batho tse di farologaneng thata. Kgopolo eno gantsi e farologanngwa ke baithutaditshedi le ditlhopha tse dingwe tsa loago le tsa losika, e le kgolo go feta losika kgotsa lotso, mme e le potlana go feta kgosana, morafe, setšhaba kgotsa puso. Mafoko ano le one a a ganetsanwa. Mo mabakeng a mangwe merafe e na le kamogelo ya semolao le boipuso jwa sepolotiki go tswa mo pusong ya bosetšhaba kgotsa ya bosetšhaba, fela tiriso e ya semolao ya lereo e ka thulana le ditlhaloso tsa thutoloago.

lotso lwa kwa India

Kwa United States, merafe ya Maindia a Amerika e tsewa semolao gore e na le maemo a "setšhaba se se ikaegileng ka selegae" mo nageng ya United States, ka kamano ya puso le puso le puso ya bosetšhaba.[1]

Tlhaloso

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Lefoko la segompieno la Seesemane la tribe le tswa mo lefokong la Seesemane sa Bogare la tribu, le kgabagare le tswang mo lefokong la Selatine la tribus. Go ya ka Oxford English Dictionary, go sa ntse go sa itsiwe sentle gore a sebopego se ke ka ntlha ya go adima go tswa mo motsweding wa puo ya Seroma (jaaka Old French tribu) kgotsa fa e le gore sebopego se ke ka ntlha ya go adima ka tlhamalalo go tswa mo Selatineng (bontsi jwa Middle English tribuz 1250 e ka tswa e le kemedi e e tlhamaletseng ya bontsintsi jwa Selatine tribūs). Setlhopha sa Seesemane sa segompieno se ka tswa gape e le ka ntlha ya mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng o ka one Seesemane se adimileng maina ka tlhamalalo go tswa mo Selatineng mme se latlha maemedi, go akaretsa -us. Baitseanape ba dipuo ba tsaya Selatine tribus e le motswako o o dirilweng ka dilo tse pedi: tri- 'three' le bhu, bu, fu, motswedi wa lefoko o o rayang 'go nna'[2].

Latin tribus e tsewa gore e tswa mo mothong wa Proto-Indo-European *tri-dhh1u/o- ('rendered in three, tripartite division'; compare with Umbrian trifu 'trinity, district', Sanskrit trídha 'threefold').[3]

Go kgaoganya

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Go ile ga nna le dikganetsano tse dintsi malebana le maiteko a go tlhalosa le go tlhalosa ditso. Mo mogopolong wa batho ba le bantsi, ditso di bontsha popego ya setšhaba ya bogologolo e ditso tsotlhe tse di latelang le dinaga di neng tsa tswa mo go yone[4]. Elman Service, yo e leng moithutadiphologolo o ne a tlhagisa tsamaiso ya go kgaoganya ditso mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa batho, e e theilweng mo go fetogeng ga go sa lekalekane ga loago le seabe sa puso. Thulaganyo eno ya go kgaoganya e na le ditlhopha di le nne:

  • Ditlhopha tsa batsomi-ba-kopanyi ba gantsi ba leng tekatekano
  • Ditšhaba tsa merafe tse di nang le maemo a a lekanyeditsweng a maemo a loago le maemo
  • Ditšhaba tsa merafe tse di nang le maemo a a kwa godimo tse di eteletsweng pele ke dikgosana (bona Bosetlhogo)
  • Ditšhaba tsa tlhabologo, tse di nang le ditsamaiso tse di raraaneng tsa loago le dipuso tse di rulagantsweng, tsa setheo

Ka jalo merafe e tsewa e le yuniti ya sepolotiki e e bopilweng go tswa mo mokgatlhong wa malapa (go akaretsa merafe le ditso) o o theilweng mo go tshwaraganeng mo loagong kgotsa mo kgopolong. Go nna leloko la morafe go ka tlhaloganngwa jaaka go ikaegile ka mabaka a a jaaka kamano ya losika ("clan"), lotso ("race"), puo, lefelo la bonno, setlhopha sa sepolotiki, ditumelo tsa bodumedi, ngwao ya molomo le/kgotsa ditlwaelo tsa setso.

Baithutamarope ba sa ntse ba tsweletse go ithuta ka go bopega ga ditso tsa pele ga go nna le dipuso. Dipatlisiso tsa bosheng di bontsha gore tsela e ditso di neng di agiwa ka yone e ne e le tsela e nngwe ya go tlwaela maemo a a neng a dira gore go nne le dilo tse dintsi tse di sa tlhomamang. Dithulaganyo tse di ntseng jalo di ne tsa itshupa di kgona go fetofetoga ka tsela e e lekaneng go ka rulaganya go dirwa le go abiwa ga dijo ka dinako tsa fa go na le tlhaelo, kwantle ga go lekanyetsa kgotsa go pateletsa batho ka dinako tsa fa go na le letlotlo. Moithutadithuto Morton Fried o ne a bolela ka 1967 gore ditlhopha di ne tsa rulaganngwa go nna merafe gore di tle di kgone go emelana le thubakanyo le go sotliwa ke magosi le dinaga tsa bogologolo. O ne a kwala jaana

Tota, ga go tlhokege gore go nne le kgato ya morafe jaaka go tlhalositswe ke Sahlins le Srvices e, ga go tlhokege, ke gore, gore kgato e e ntseng jalo e tlhagelele mo tsamaong go tswa kwa bothibelelong bo le bongwe le mokgatlho wa sepolotiki o o tsentsweng, go ya kwa pusong e e nang le thulaganyo ya puso e e raraaneng. Tsamaiso e e ntseng jalo ya tlhabololo e ka bo e ile ya tswelela pele mo teng ga yuniti e re ka e tlhalosang jaaka toropo-setšhaba, yuniti e e ntseng jalo jaaka Jeriko e ka bo e ile ya nna teng mo dikgatong tsa yone tsa moragonyana ... bosemorafe bo ka lejwa jaaka karabelo ya go bopega ga popego e e raraaneng ya sepolotiki go na le kgato ya ntlha e e tlhokegang mo tlhabololong ya yone. [5]

Kganetsano le tiriso e e sa siamang

 
Durham

Lereo "morafe" le ne le dirisiwa thata mo lefapheng la anthropology go fitlha kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo1950 le bo1960. Tiriso e e tswelelang ya lereo le e gogetse kganetsano gareng ga baithutabotho le barutegi ba bangwe ba ba dirang mo go tsa saense ya loago le bakanoki ba patlisiso ya thutoloago le ya hisetori ya lotso ba ba gwetlhang mosola wa kgopolo. Ka 1970, moithutaditshedi mongwe e bong J. Clyde Mitchell o kwadile jaana:

Morafe, o o sa bolong go tlotliwa jaaka karolo ya tshekatsheko ya thutoloago ya batho, bosheng jaana e ntse e le selo se se sekasekiwang thata ke baithutaditshelo ... Go na le pelaelo ya gore go nna le dipelaelo ka mosola wa lotso jaaka setlhopha se se sekasekang go ile ga tlhaga ka ntlha ya go nna le seabe ka bonako ga batho, tota le mo dikarolong tse di kgakala thata tsa lefatshe, mo dikamanong tsa sepolotiki, tsa ikonomi mme ka dinako tse dingwe le tsa loago tse di tlhamaletseng le ditšhaba tsa madirelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, dipelaelo di ikaegile thata ka tlhaloso le bokao jo bakanoki ba ba farologaneng ba bo neelang lefoko 'morafe,' le le rayang 'morafe,' le le rayang 'boorafe'.[6]

Le fa gone melelwane ya go nna leloko la lotso e le motlhofo go e tlhaloganya, totatota gantsi ga e a tlhomama e bile e a fetoga fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. Mo thutong ya gagwe ya 1975, The Notion of the Tribe, Fried o ne a neela dikai di le dintsi tsa merafe e e neng e na le maloko a a neng a bua dipuo tse di farologaneng e bile a dira meetlo e e farologaneng, kgotsa a a neng a bua dipuo tse di tshwanang le go dira meetlo e e tshwanang le ya maloko a merafe e mengwe. Ka mo go tshwanang, o ne a neela dikai tsa merafe eo mo go yone batho ba neng ba latela baeteledipele ba ba farologaneng ba bopolotiki, kana ba latela baeteledipele ba ba tshwanang le ba merafe e mengwe. O ne a swetsa ka gore merafe ka kakaretso e na le melelwane e e fetofetogang, go sa lekalekaneng le go nna matlhagatlhaga, mme ga se ya selegae. [7]

Karolo ya bothata ka lereo le ke gore le batla go aga le go dirisa letlhomeso le le tlwaelegileng la kgopolo mo ditsong le mo bathong ba ba farologaneng. Ka jalo, baithutadithuto ba ba farologaneng ba ba ithutang ka batho ba ba farologaneng ba dira ditshwetso tse di thulanang ka tlholego, popego le ditlwaelo tsa merafe. Fa a ne a kwala ka batho ba Ba-Kurd, Martin van Bruinessen yo e leng moithutadiphologolo o ne a re, "go lebega mafoko a a dirisiwang thata mo thutong ya batho, 'lotso,' 'morafe' le 'lotso' e le mafoko a a sa tshwanelang go dirisiwa mo setšhabeng sa Ba-Kurdistan". [8]

Go na le dilo tse dingwe gape tse di sa siamang ka lefoko "lotso" tse di dirileng gore le se ka la tlhola le dirisiwa thata. Ka 2013, mokanoki Matthew Ortoleva o ne a kwala gore "jaaka lefoko Indian, [t]ribe ke lefoko le le nang le bokao jwa bokoloniale".[9] Survival International e bolela gore "Go botlhokwa go farologanya magareng ga morafe le morafe wa selegae ka gore morafe wa selegae o na le maemo a a kgethegileng a a lemogilweng mo molaong wa boditšhabatšhaba mmogo le mathata a a okeditsweng mo go a morafe wa selegae o lebaneng le one". [10]

Nako ya segompieno

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mmapa wa makoko a segompieno

Ke ditso di sekae fela gompieno tse di sa amaneng ka gope le go bopega ga tsamaiso ya segompieno ya puso. Ditso di latlhegetswe ke tshwanelo ya tsona ya go dira ditiro tsa setso, jaaka go ntsha sa bosome, go diragatsa bosiamisi le go sireletsa naga, mme ditiro le ditheo tsa puso, jaaka lekgetho, dikgotlatshekelo tsa molao le sesole di tseetswe sebaka ke tseno. Bontsi jwa bone bo ile jwa senyega le go latlhegelwa ke setso sa bone. Bangwe ba ile ba tlwaela maemo a masha a dipolotiki mme ba fetola setso sa bone le ditlwaelo tsa bone gore ba kgone go tshela, fa ba bangwe bone ba ile ba bona ditshwanelo tsa semolao le tshireletso.

Fried o ne a akantsha gore merafe e mentsi e e falotseng ga e simologe mo merafeng ya pele ga puso, mme go na le moo e simologile mo ditlhopheng tsa pele ga puso. O ne a akantsha gore ditso tse di ntseng jalo tsa "bothata" di ne tsa nna gone ka ntlha ya go atolosiwa ga puso ya segompieno. Ditlhopha di na le ditlhopha tse dinnye, tse di tsamayang le tse di sa tlhomamang tse di nang le baeteledipele ba ba bokoa. Ga ba dire madi a mantsi, ga ba duele makgetho e bile ga ba tshegetse masole a a tlhomilweng. Fried o ne a bolela gore merafe ya bobedi e gola ka nngwe ya ditsela tse pedi. Sa ntlha, dinaga di ne di ka di tlhoma e le tsela ya go atolosa taolo ya tsone ya tsamaiso le ya ikonomi mo mafelong a tsone a a kwa tengteng, koo go laola dipolotiki ka tlhamalalo go jang madi a mantsi thata. Dinaga di ne di tla rotloetsa (kgotsa go batla) batho mo melelwaneng ya bone go bopa dipolotiki tse di lekanyeditsweng sentle le tse di laolwang ke puso, ka gonne dipolotiki tse di ntseng jalo di ne di ka simolola go ntsha madi a a fetang a a tlhokegang le makgetho, mme di ne di tla nna le boeteledipele jo bo arabelang ditlhokego tsa dinaga tsa boagisani (se se bidiwang merafe ya United States kgotsa British India e neela dikai tse di siameng tsa seno). Baboritane ba ne ba rata go bitsa ditšhaba dingwe ba re ke "ditso tsa Baaborijene".

India e ne ya amogela molaotheo wa repaboliki ka 1950, morago ga dingwaga di le tharo go ntse go ganetsanwa mo Kokoanong ya yone ya Molaotheo. Ka nako ya kganetsano, Jaipal Singh, leloko la morafe wa Munda go tswa kwa India Bogare o ne a buelela gore go nne le ditshiamelo tse di kgethegileng tsa 'Adibasi' - e leng thanolo ya lefoko 'aboriginal' ka Se-Hindi. Mabaka a gagwe a ne a tlhatswa pelo. Ditlhopha tse di ne di tshwanetse go nna le ditulo mo makgotleng a peomolao le maemo mo ditirong tsa puso tse di 'beetsweng' bone. Mongwe le mongwe wa maloko a kopano o ne a kwala lenaane la metse e e neng e tlhoka go sirelediwa ka tsela e e kgethegileng. Maina ano a ne a kwadilwe mo "Sejuleng" (se se mo mametlelelong) ya Molaotheo. Ka jalo ba ne ba bidiwa 'Ditso tse di Kwadisitsweng', gantsi di khutshwafaditswe go nna ST.[11] Sa bobedi, ditlhopha di ne di ka bopa merafe ya "bothata" jaaka tsela ya go itshireletsa kgatlhanong le go atolosiwa ga puso. Maloko a ditlhopha a ne a tla bopa dipolotiki tse di lekanyeditsweng sentle le tse di laolwang ke puso, ka gonne dipolotiki tse di ntseng jalo di ne di ka simolola go ntsha letseno le le oketsegileng le le neng le ka tshegetsa sesole se se sa kgaotseng se se neng se ka lwa le dinaga, mme di ne di tla nna le boeteledipele jo bo neng bo ka kgona go rulaganya ditiro tsa ikonomi le tsa sesole. Mo merafeng ya Baamerika ba kwa Amerika Bokone, merafe e tsewa e le merafe e e ikemetseng, e e bolokileng taolo ya yone kgotsa e e amogetsweng semolao ke puso ya bosetšhaba. [12][13]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ "FAQ About Native Americans". 16 June 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2022.[1]
  2. ↑ (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)[2]
  3. ↑ de Vaan, Michiel (2008). Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages. Leiden · Boston. p. 629. ISBN 978-90-04-16797-1.[3]
  4. ↑ Service, Elman Rogers (1962). Primitive social organization : an evolutionary perspective. Random House. OCLC 318447878
  5. ↑ Fried, Morton H. (1967). The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology. New York: Random House. pp. 169–70.
  6. ↑ Mitchell, Clyde J. (1970). "Tribe and Social Change in South Central Africa: A Situational Approach" in Gutkind, Peter C. W. Editor. The Passing of Tribal Man in Africa, p. 83. Brill.[4]
  7. ↑ Morton H. Fried (1972). The Notion of Tribe. Cummings Publishing Company
  8. ↑ Bruinessen, Martin van (1992). Agha, shaikh, and state : the social and political structures of Kurdistan. Zed Books. OCLC 555395702
  9. ↑ Ortoleva, Matthew (2013). "We Face East" in Goggin, Peter N. Editor. Environmental Rhetoric and Ecologies of Place, p. 95. Routledge. ISBN 9781135922658[5]
  10. ↑ "Terminology - Survival International".[6]
  11. ↑ Choudhry, Sujit (2016). The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 720–724. ISBN 9780198704898.[7]
  12. ↑ "FAQ About Native Americans". 16 June 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2022
  13. ↑ Robert J. McCarthy, The Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Federal Trust Obligation to American Indians, 19 BYU J. PUB. L. 1 (December, 2004)
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