Wikipedia

Wangari Maathai

Wangari Muta Maathai o o tshotsweng ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola gangwe ka ngwaga wa 1940, mme a tlhokafala ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le malatsi a le masome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2011, e ne e le molwela ditshwanelo tsa selegae, tikologo le polotiki wa ko lefatsheng la Kenya, o o simolodisitseng mokgatlho wa Green Belt Movement,[1] [2]o e leng mokgatlho o o ikemetseng ka nosi o o itebagantseng le go lema ditlhare, go somarela tikologo le ditshwanelo tsa basadi. Ka ngwaga wa 2004, o ne a nna mme wa ntlha wa mo Aforika go fenya seetsele sa Nobel Peace Prize.[3]

Wangarĩ Muta Maathai
Maathai ka 2005
Tsalo
Wangarĩ Muta

(1940-04-01)1 Moranang 1940
Ihithe (village in Tetu, Kenya)
Leso25 Lwetse 2011(2011-09-25) (aged 71)
Nairobi, Kenya
Alma materUniversity of Nairobi (PhD)
University of Pittsburgh (MS)
Benedictine College (BS)
University of Giessen
TiroEnvironmentalist, political activist, writer
O itsegi kaGreen Belt Movement
BanaWanjira Mathai
O fetheletse
Tempolete:Listen

Jaaka mojaboswa wa Kennedy Airlift, o dirile dithuto tsa gagwe tsa Bachelor's Degree kwa United States kwa sekolong sa Mount St. Scholastica le tsa Master's Degree kwa sekolong sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of Pittsburgh. O ne a tswelella a nna mme wa ntlha mo botlhaba le legare la Aforika go nna Doctor of Philosophy, a amogela PhD ya gagwe kwa University of Nairobi kwa Kenya. Ka ngwaga wa 1984, o ne a neelwa seetsele sa Right Livelihood sa go fetola kganetsano ya tikologo kwa Kenya go nna tiro ya diatla ya go lema ditlhare ga matshwititshwiti a batho (converting the Kenyan ecological debate into mass action for reforestation). Maathai o ne a tlhophiwa go nna mopalamente kwa Kenya ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2003, mme a nna mothusa tona wa tikologo le ditsa tlholego (Environment and Natural Resources) ka ngwaga wa 2005 ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga tautona Mwai Kibari. O ne a nna mokhanselara wo o tlotlegileng wa World Future Council. Jaaka moithuti le mokwadi wa dibuka tse dintsi, Maathai e ne e se molwela ditshwanelo fela mme gape e le kgeleke e e nnileng le seabe se se bonalang mo go tsa tikologo, tlhabologo, bong le dingwao tsa Aforika ga mmogo le ditumelo.[4][5]


Maathai o tlhokafetse ka ntata ya go raraana ga bolwetse jo a neng a bo lwala jwa kankere ya molomo wa popelo ka ngwaga ya 2011, Lwetse a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le botlhano.

Botshelo jwa pele le dithuto fetola

Maathai o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1940, Moranang a tlhola gangwe kwa motseng wa Ihithe, kwa kgaolong ya Nyeri,[6] kwa legareng la dithaba tsa Kenya. Ba lolwapa lwa gagwe e ne e le ba lotso lwa Kikuyu mme ba nnile mo lefelong le o dingwaga di le dintsi.[7] Ka ngwaga 1943, ba lolwapa lwa gagwe ba ne ba fudugela kwa tshimong ya batho basweu kwa mokgatsheng wa Rift gaufi le toropo ya Nakuru, kwa rragwe a neng a bone tiro teng.[8] Ka ngwaga ya 1947 e ya fifing, o ne a boela kwa Ihithe le mmagwe, ka bokgaitsadie ba le babedi ba ne ba tsena sekolo se se botlana kwa motseng o o, mme go sena dikolo kwa tshimong e rragwe a neng a bereka kwa go yone. Rragwe o ne a sala ka tshimong.[9] Moragonyana, fa a le dingwa di robabobedi, o ne a tsena sekolo le bokgaitsadie kwa Ihithe Primary School.

Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le bongwe, Maathai o ne a fudugela kwa sekolong sa St. Cecilia Intermediate Primary School, se e neng e le sekolo se go nniwang kwa sone kwa Matahri Catholic Mission kwa Nyeri.[10] Maathai o tsene sekolo kwa St. Cecilia dingwaga di le nne. Ka nako e o o ne a kgona go bua puo sa sekgoa (English) mme a tsena kereke ya katoliki. O ne a tsaya karolo mo Legion of Mary e maloko a yone ba neng ba leka go direla Modimo ka go direla batho ka bone.[11] Go ithuta kwa St. Cecilia go ne ga mo babalela mo ntweng e e neng e tlhagogile gareng ga batho ba Mau mau le batho basweu ba kwa ga Mma Mosadinyana, e e neng ya pateletsa mmagwe go fuduga kwa lolwapeng lwa bone go ya kwa motseng wa tshoganetso kwa Ihithe.[12] Fa a fetsa duithuto tsa gagwe koo ka ngwaga wa 1956, o ne a bewa mo maemong a ntlha mo setlhopheng sa gagwe, mme a amogelwa kwa sekolong se e neng e le sone fela sa katoliki sa basetsana se segolwane kwa Kenya, sa Loreto High School kwa Limuru.[13]

Jaaka go ne go tsiwa kwa bokhutlong jwa go nna ka fa tlase ga puso ya mafatshe a mangwe ga botlhaba jwa Aforika, mapolotiki a Kenya jaaka Tom Mboya ba ne ba tswa ka ditsela tsa go dira gore baithuti ba ba dirang botoka mo mafatsheng a a kwa bophirima ba kgone go bona thuto. Motlhoma molao wa kwa United States John F. Kennedy o ne a dumalana go ntshetsa thulaganyo ya go nna jalo madi ka mokgatlho wa Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation, a simolodisa se se neng sa itsege ka Kennedy Airlift kana Airlift Africa. Maathai o ne a nna mongwe wa batho ba Kenya ba le makgolo a mararo ba ba neng ba tlhophiwa go ya sekolong kwa United States ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa 1960.[14]


O ne a amogela thuso ya madi go ya go tsena sekolo kwa Mount St. Scholastica College (e janong e leng Benedictine College) kwa Atchison, Kansas, kwa a neng a itebagantse le Biology, mme a dira tse dipotlana tsa Chemistry le puo ya German.[15] Morago ga go amogela Bachelor of Science degree ka 1964, o ne a ya sekolong kwa University of Pittsburgh go dira master's degree in biology. Dithuto tsa gagwe tsa boalogane koo di ne di duelelwa ke ba Africa-America Institute, [16]mme ka nako ya gagwe kwa Pittsburg o ne a itemogela e le lantlha, tsosoloso ya tikologo, fa bomankge ba tshomarelo tikologo ba ne ba batla go fedisa kgotlhelesego ya phefo kwa toropokgolong.[17] Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 1996, Maathai o ne a amogela MSc mo dithutong tsa Biological Sciences,[18] mme a neelwa maemo a mothusa mmatlisisi (research assistant) wa moporofesa wa moithutadiphologo kwa sekolong sa ithutelo ditiro sa University College of Nairobi.[19]


Fa a boela kwa Kenya, Maathai o ne a emisa tiriso ya leina la gagwe lantlha, mme a itlhophela go itsiwe ka leina la gagwe la matsalo la Wangari Muta.[20] E ne ya re a goroga kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro go simolola tiro, a bolelelwa fa e neetswe mongwe o sele. Maathai o ne a dumela fa se e ne e le ka ntlha ya tlhaolele ya bong le morafe.[21] Morago ga go batla tiro dikgwedi di le pedi, Professor Reinhold Hofmann wa sekolo sa university of Giessen kwa Germany a mo neela tiro ya go thusa motlhotlhomisi mo go tsa microanatomy kwa lephateng le lesha la malwetsi a diphologolo kwa University College of Nairobi.[22] Ka Moranang 1966, o ne a kopana le Mwangi Mathai, motho o o tswang kwa Kenya o mongwe o o neng a ithutile kwa America, o o neng a tloga a nna monna wa gagwe.[23] O ne a firisa lebentlele le lennye mo toropong kwa morwadirragwe a neng a bereka teng. Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ka thotloetso ya ga Professor Hofmann, o ne a tsaya loeto go ya kwa University of Giessen kwa Germany go ya go dira dithuto tsa doctorate. O ne a ithutela kwa Giessen le kwa University of Munich.


Ka paka ya dikgakologo ka ngwaga wa 1969, o ne a boela Nairobi go tsweledisa dithuto kwa University College of Nairobi e le mothusa motlhatlhelela dithuto. Ka Moranang, ene le Mwangi Mathai ba ne ba nyalana.[24] Moragonyana mo ngwageng eo, o ne a solofela ngwana wa gagwe wa ntlha, mme monna wa gagwe a bolotsa letsholo la go tsaya setilo kwa palamenteng, mme a latlhegelwa. Ka nako ya ditlhopho, Tom Mboya o o nnileng le seabe se segolo mo go simololeng thulaganyo e e neng e mo rometse go tlola mawatle, o ne a bolaiwa. Se se ne sa dira gore tautona Kenyatta a fedise puso ya batho ka batho ya diphathi tse dintsi kwa Kenya. Moragonyana ngwana wa gagwe wa mosimane, Waweru o ne a belegwa.[25] Ka 1971, o ne a nna mme wa ntlha go tswa botlhaba jwa Aforika go amogela PhD mo thutong ya malwetsi a diphologo[18] go tswa kwa University College of Nairobi e neng ya fetolwa go nna University of Nairobi ngwaga o o latelang. O ne a fetsa pego tlhotlhomiso ya gagwe (dissertation) mo tlhabologo le pharologanyo ya dikgeleswa tse di ntshang matute a a thusang go dira ngwana mo losikeng lwa kgomo.[26]Ngwana wa gagwe wa mosetsana Wanjira o ne a belegwa ka Morule 1971.

Go lwela ditshwanelo le sepolotiki fetola

1971 - 1977: tshimologo ya go lwela ditshwanelo fetola

Maathai o ne a tswelela ka go ruta kwa Nairobi, a nna motlhatlhelela dithuto o mogolwane go tsa popego ka 1975, a nna modulasetilo wa lephata la malwetsi a diphologo la 1976 le Associate Professor ka 1977. O ne a nna mme wa ntlha kwa Nairobi go nna mo maemong a.[27] Ka nako e o, o ne a tsena mo letsholong la go lwela dipoelo tsa bomme kwa sekolong sa ithutelo ditiro tse di lekalekanang le tsa borre, a leka go fetola mokgatlho wa babereki ba tsa thuto kwa sekolong se o go nna union gore ba kgone go tshwara dipuisano ka tsa dipoelo. Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya gana maiteko a, mme bontsi jwa tse ba neng ba di kopile di ne tsa diragadiwa morago.[28] Fa godimo ga tiro ya gagwe kwa University of Nairobi, Maathai o ne a tsaya karolo mo ditirong tsa boithaopi ka dingwaga tsa 1970s di santse di simologa. O ne a le leloko la Kenya Red Cross Society la Nairobi a nna moeteledipele wa lone ka 1973. O ne a le leloko la Kenya Association of University Women. Morago ga go simolodisiwa ga Environment Liasion Centre ka 1974, Maathai o ne a kopiwa go nna leloko la lekgotla la mo gae, mme a tloga a nna modulasetilo wa lekgotla leo. Environment Liaison Centre e ne e bereka go rotloetsa go nna teng ga makgotla a ikemetseng ka nosi mo tirong ya United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) tse diofisikgolo tsa lone di neng tsa simololwa kwa Nairobi morago ga bokopano jwa United Nations Conference on the Human Environment e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa Stockholm ka 1972. Maathai o ne a nna gape leloko la National Council of women of Kenya (NCWK).[29] Tiro ya gagwe mo makgotleng a a boithaopo e ne ysa supetsa Maathai gore modi wa mathata a Kenya ke go sengwa ga tikologo.[30]

Dieetsele tsa tlotla fetola

Metswedi fetola

  1. ↑ Rice, Xan (26 September 2011). "Wangari Maathai, Nobel peace prize winner, dies at 71". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  2. ↑ "Biography | The Green Belt Movement". www.greenbeltmovement.org. Archived from the original on 24 May 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  3. ↑ Rice, Xan (26 September 2011). "Wangari Maathai, Nobel Peace Prize Winner Dies". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  4. ↑ Muhonja, Besi Brillian (2020). Radical utu : critical ideas and ideals of Wangari Muta Maathai. Athens, Ohio. ISBN 978-0-89680-507-1. OCLC 1155925037. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  5. ↑ Musila, Grace (2020). Wangari Maathai's Registers of freedom. Grace A. Musila. Cape Town: HSRC Press. ISBN 978-0-7969-2574-9. OCLC 1148322483. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  6. ↑ "Wangari Maathai | The Green Belt Movement". www.greenbeltmovement.org. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  7. ↑ Wangari Maathai, Unbowed: A Memoir, Knopf, 2006. ISBN, 0-307-26348-7, p. 3.
  8. ↑ Unbowed, pp. 14–15.
  9. ↑ Unbowed, p. 29.
  10. ↑ Unbowed, p. 53.
  11. ↑ Unbowed, pp. 60–61.
  12. ↑ Unbowed, pp. 63–69.
  13. ↑ Unbowed, p. 69.
  14. ↑ Unbowed, pp. 73–74.
  15. ↑ Unbowed, p. 79.
  16. ↑ Unbowed, p. 92.
  17. ↑ Unbowed, pp. 93–94.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 UNCCD profile of Wangari Maathai. Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
  19. ↑ Unbowed, pp. 94–95.
  20. ↑ Unbowed, p. 9
  21. ↑ Unbowed, p. 101.
  22. ↑ Unbowed, p. 102.
  23. ↑ Unbowed, p. 105.
  24. ↑ Unbowed, pp. 106–109.
  25. ↑ Unbowed, pp. 109–11
  26. ↑ Unbowed, p. 112.
  27. ↑ Wangari Maathai, the Nobel Peace Prize 2004. Archived 14 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 24 February 2009.
  28. ↑ Unbowed, pp. 114–118.
  29. ↑ Unbowed, pp. 119–122.
  30. ↑ Unbowed, pp. 124–125.
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