Wikipedia

Southern African Development Community

Southern African Development Community (SADC) ke lekgotla la dipuso tse di farologaneng, le ntlokgolo ya lone e leng kwa Gaborone, Botswana.

Folaga ya SADCC

Maikaelelo

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Maikaelelo a lekgotla la SADC ke go nonotsha tirisano mmogo mo go tsa itsholelo, sepolotiki le tshireletso mo mafatsheng a le lesome le borataro mo borwa jwa Aforika.[1] Le ntswa maikemisetso magolo a lekgotla le e le ditlhabololo, kgolo ya itsholelo le nyeletso lehuma, go boloka kagiso le gone go botlhokwa thata mo lekgotleng le.[2]:70

Maloko a lekgotla

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Ka ngwaga wa 2022, maloko a lekgotla la SADC a ne a le lesome le borataro:[3]

Bogolo jwa moalo wa lefatshe le dipalo tsa batho mo mafatsheng a maloko a lekgotla la SADC[4]

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Boleng jwa dikhumo tsa mafatshe (USD)
Lefatshe Bophara (km2 Palo ya batho (2020)[5] lefatshe ka kakaretso (billions) [6] motho ka bongwe[6] Dintlha ka boloko
Angola 1,246,700 32,866,268 124.86 3,792.75
Botswana 582,000 2,351,625 18.42 7,519.2
Comoros

[7][8]

2,235 869,595 1.31 1,371.02 Lefatshe la Comoros le dumeletswe mo lekgotleng la SADC kwa bokopanong jwa bo masome a mararo le bosupa jwa babusi ba mafatshe bo bo neng bo tshwaretswe kwa Pretoria, Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 2017, se se tsisa palo ya maloko kwa go lesome le borataro.[9]
Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,344,858 89,561,404 64.79 669.36 Fa e sale 8 Lwetse 1997
Eswatini 17,363 1,160,164 4.65 4,035.54
Lesotho 30,355 2,142,252 2.56 1,212.57
Madagascar 587,295 27,691,019 14.61 504.31 Le dumeletwe ka 18 Phatwe 2005. La busediwa mo bolokong ka 30 Firikgong 2014 morago ga go seegelwa fa thoko ka 2009[10]
Malawi 118,484 19,129,955 12.04 545.06
Mauritius 1,969 1,265,740 11.26 8,892.11 Fa e sale 28 Phatwe 1995
Mozambique 801,590 31,255,435 18.09 546.71
Namibia 824,268 2,540,916 13.01 5,016.17 Fa e sale 21 Mopitlo 1990 (fa le tsaya boipuso)
Seychelles 456 98,462 1.75 17,693.00 Le nnile leloko la SADC go tswa ka 8 Lwetse 1997 go tsena 1 Phukwe 2004, la boela gape ka 2008.
South Africa 1,221,037 59,308,690 426.17 6,979.44 Fa e sale ka 30 Phatwe 1994
Tanzania 947,303 59,734,213 77.51 1,260.06
Zambia 752,612 18,383,956 26.66 1,330.37
Zimbabwe 390,757 14,862,927 36.38 2,300.56

Lefatshe la Burundi le ikopetse boloko.[11]

Tshimologo le ditso tsa SADC

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Tshimologo ya SADC e nnile ka dingwaga tsa 1660 le 1970, fa babusi ba mafatshe le makgotla a kgololesego ya dichaba a ne a kopanela go lwantsha dikgwetlho tsa sepolotiki, tirisanommogo le sesole go fedisa go busiwa ke batho basweu mo borwa jwa Aforika. Mogogi wa tsa sepolotiki le tshireletsego wa lekgotla la gompieno la SADC e ne e le setlhopha sa Frontline States (FLS) le le simolodisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 1980.

Lekgotla la Southern African Development Coordination Conference(SADCC) lone le ne le eteletse pele itsholelo. Go amogela molao wa Lusaka ga mafatshe a ferabongwe a a mo borwa jwa Aforika ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola gangwe ka ngwaga wa1980 ke gone go tlhagoletseng tshimolodiso ya SADCC ka Moranang 1980.

Boloko jwa FLS le SADCC bo ne bo farologana ka dinako tse dingwe.

SADCC e ne ya fetolwa go nna SADC ka ngwaga wa 1992 kgwedi ya Phatwe e le malatsi a le lesome le bosupa, e simolola ka go amogela molao wa Windhoek ke maloko a pele a SADCC le lefatshe le le neng janong le tsere boipuso la Namibia. Lekgotla la SADC la 1992, le ne le letlelela tirisanommogo mo go tsa itsholeleo le tshireletsego. FLS e ne ya fedisiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, morago ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa. Maiteko a mangwe a go diragatsa tsa sepolotiki le tshireletsego mo diatleng tsa SADC a ne a pala.

Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le malatsi a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa 2001, tumalano ya SADC e ne ya fetolwa. Phetogo e e ne ya tsisa paakanyo ya metheo, melao le ditsamaiso, mo go santseng go tsweletse. Nngwe ya diphetogo e ne ya nna gore tsa polotiki le tshireletso di nne ka fa tlase ga karolo ya Polotiki, tshireletso le pabalesego (Organ on Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS)); e e leng nngwe ya dikarolo tsa konokono tsa SADC. E mo tlhokomelong ya samiti e e diriwang ke babusi ba mafatshe.

Lekgotla le na le moletlo wa lone wa metshameko o o bidiwang SADC Games, o o neng wa tshwarwa e le lantlha kwa Maputo ka ngwaga wa 2004. Kakanyetso ya ntlha e e ne e le gore o tshwarelwe kwa Lesotho le Malawi, mme ga se ka ga kgonagala ka ntlha ya mathata a a nnileng teng mo lekgotleng, mme se sa lopa kotlhao ya $100,000 go tswa kwa lefatsheng la Malawi.[12] Moletlo wa ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2004 kwa Maputo o ne wa baka gore banana ba feta sekete ba dingwaga tse di kwa tlase ga masome a mabedi go tswa mo mafatsheng a le lesome ba tseye karolo mo metshamekong e akaretsa mabelo, kgwele ya dinao, bolotloa, mabole le baseketebolo.[13]

Ka ngwaga wa 2012, SADC e ne ya romela baboloki ba kagiso kwa Democratic Republic of Congo go kganela tlhaselo ya batsuolodi.[2]:70 Ditlhopa tsa sesolo tse di neng di rometswe si ne di tswa kwa mafatsheng a Tanzania, Malawi le Aforika Borwa.[2]:70


Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ngwaga wa 2019, SADC e ne ya amogela Swahili e le puo ya bone ya pereko fa godimo ga puo ya sekgowa, sefora le sepotokisi.[14] Kiswahili ke puo e e fitlhelwang kwa botlhaba jwa Aforika le bontlha bongwe jwa borwa jwa Aforika, e tlhomamisitswe kwa Tanzania, Kenya le Uganda le kwa African Union.[15]

Ditsamaiso

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Lekgotla la SADC le na le ditsamaiso tse di ka fa molaong di le masome a mabedi le bosupa tse di itebagantseng le tshireletso, tlhabololo, thekiso ya ditagi, go gweba le go tsamaya ka kgololesego ga batho.[16]

  • Tsamaiso ya kgotetso (1996) - e ikaelela go rotloetsa go dira melao e e itebagantseng le motlakase. Maano a a fa maikaelelo a a bonalang a dikago le mafaratlhatlha a kgotetso le le tse dingwe jaaka dikgong, lookwane, gase ya tlholego, motlakase, magala, le metswedi gore SADC le maloko ba kgone go di dirisa ka fa tshwanelong le go di somarela.[17]
  • Tsamaiso ya bong le tlhabologo - maloko a rotloediwa go oketsa maiteko a diphetogo mo matshelong a basadi le bana mo kgaolong. Tautona Mutharika o ne a supa tshwenyego mo dikgannyeng tse di golelang pele tsa tirisodikgoga bogolo jang mo go bomme le bana mo kgaolong e, mme a dirisa monyetla o go baya monwana maitlamo a go fedisa dinyalo tsa bana e le bontlhabongwe jwa letsholo la go fedisa dinyalo tsa bana mo Aforika.[18]
  • Tsamaiso ya tirisanommogo mo go tsa sepolotiki, tshireletso le pabalesego (2001 - e ikaelela gotlhotlheletsa tshireletso le pabalesego, go rotloetsa mowa wa kagiso, go ritibala ga sepolotiki le go laola dikgotlhang . Tsamaiso e e simolodisitse lekalana la Organ for Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS).[19]

SADC FTA

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Lekalana la SADC Free Trade Area le simolotswe kwa ngwaga wa 2008 ka Phatwe, morago ga tshimolodiso ya tsamaiso ya SADC mo go tsa kgwebo ka ngwaga wa 2000,e e gwetlhileng tshimolodiso ya lekana le.[20][21] Maloko a lone a pele e ne e le mafatshe a Botswana, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia le Zimbabwe,[22] mme Malawi le Seychelles ba nna maloko moragonyana. Mo mafatsheng a le lesome le botlhano a maloko, ke mafatshe a Angola le Democratic Republic of Congo fela a a iseng a tseye karolo, mme le fa go ntse jalo, tona wa tsa kgwebo wa Angola Joffre Van-Dusen Junior o ne a tlhalosa fa lephata la gagwe le bereka ka thata go dira ditsela tse ka tsone lefatshe la Angola le ka kgonang go anywa meamuso ya go gweba ntle le sekgoreletsi mo SADC ka ngwaga wa 2019.[23][24]


Ka letsatsi la Laboraro masome a mabedi le bobedi ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa 2008, SADC ya kopana le Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa le East African community go simolodisa lefelo la go gweba go sena kgoreletso, e akaretsa maloko a makgotla a o otlhe. Baeteledipele ba makgotla ao ka boraro jwa one ba dumalane go dira lefelo la go gweba ntle le sekgoreletsi sepe (African Free Trade Zone) le na le mafatshe a le masome a mabedi le borataro ka GDP e e akanyediwang go nna dibilione tsa di dolara tsa America di le makgolo a marataro, masome a mabedi le bone. Go solofelwa gore tumalano ya African Free Trade Zone e tla tokafatsa phitlhe;elo ya mebaraka mo lefelong leo mme e fedise mathata a a bakiwang ke go bo bontsi jwa mafatshe a maloko a le mo ditlhopeng tse dintsi.[25]


African Free Trade Zone e na le dingwaga di le lekgolo e ntse e le mo tirisong - lefelo le le akaretsa Aforika ka bophara go tswa Kapa go ya Cairo e le mogopolo wa ga Cecil Rhodes le babusi ba bangwe ba dikolone ka dingwaga tsa 1980. Pharaloganyo ke gore African Free Trade Zone yone ke mafatshe a Aforika a ikemetse. Kakanyo ke gore e nne go gwebamo go senang kgoreletsego go tswa Kapa go ya Cairo (Cape Town kwa Aforika Borwa go tsena Cairo kwa Egypt)


Fa godimo ga go fokotsa boloko bo bo boelelang le bothata jwa gore maloko a mangwe a bo a tsaya karolo gape mo maanong a tirisanommogo le sepolotiki le tshireletso a a ka nyenyafatsang kgotsa a phadisanya, African Free Trade Zone e ikaelela gape go tokafatsa maatla a lekgotla mo dipuisanong tsa mafatshefatshe.


Go tlaleletsa seelo sa SADC sa tirisanommogo e e tseneletseng, mafatshe a Botswana le Namibia a beile mowana tumalano e e letlang banni ba mafatshe oo mabedi go tsaya maeto mo mafatsheng a o ba dirisa dikarata tsa sesupo sa boagedi fela go sa tlhokafale teseletso ya mosepele.[26] Lefatshe la Botswana le nnile le bokopano le la Zimbabwe go diragatsa tumalano e e tshwanang mme le solofetswe go nna le dipuisano le la Zambia.[27]

Dikgwetlho tse di lebaneng mafatshe a maloko

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Mafatshe a SADC a lebanwe ke dikgwetlho tse dintsi tsa selegae, tlhabololo, itsholelo, kgwebo, thuto, botsogo, botsalano, tshireletsego, pabalelo le sepolotiki. Dingwe tsa dikgwetlho tse di ka rarabololwa ke maloko ka bonosi jwa one. Malwetsi a dikgomo le ditlhopha tsa batsoulodi ke dingwe tsa dikgwetlho tse. Ntwa mo lefatsheng le lengwe e kgona go ama le baagisanyi mme e ba senyetse itsholelo. Tlhabologo e e itshegeleditseng e e ka tsisiwang ke bogwebi e tshosediwa ke dikago le ditsela tse di sa nnang sentle, ditlhwatlhwa le melao le ditekanyetso tsa tse di rekisiwang.


Kgwetlho e nngwe e tona ke gore mafatshe a maloko a tsaya karolo gape mo mananeong a mangwe a sepolotiki, tshireletso le tirisanommogo a a ka phadisanyang kgotsa a nyenyafatsa maikaelelo a SADC. Sekai, mafatshe a South Africa le Botswana ke maloko a Southern Africa Customs Union, Zambia ke leloko la Common market for Eastern and Southern Africa, Tanzania ke leloko la East African Community.


Go ya ka Human Rights Watch, SADC e kgaletswe go nna boitseme mo go netefatseng gobaya ditshwanelo tsa batho kwa pele mo mafatsheng a e leng maloko a lone.[28]

Ditsela tsa go dira metheo le go tsaya ditshwetso

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Lekgotla le na le ditlhopha di le thataro tsa konokono.

  • Summit, e e dirwang ke bausi ba mafatshe
  • Lekalana la poloiki, tshireletso le pabalesego
  • Khansele ya matona a puso
  • Baatlhodi ba SADC
  • Komiti ya SADC
  • Mokwaledi

Ditshwetso tsotlhe kwa ntle ga tsa bokwaledi, baatlhodi (e e leng kwa Windhoek, Namibia) le komiti, di tsewa ka tumalano kakaretso.

Baeteledipele

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Badulasetilo

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Lefatshe Modulasetilo Lobaka
Zambia Levy Mwanawasa 2007-2008
South Africa Kgalema Motlanthe 2008-2009
Democratic Republic of Congo Joseph Kabila 2009-2010
Namibia Hifikepunye Pohamba 2010-2011
Angola Jose Eduardo Dos Santos 2011-2012
Mozambique Armando Guebuza 2012-2013
Malawi Joyce BandaPeter Mutharika 2013 -31 May 2014

31 May - 17 August 2014

Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe 2014 - 17 August 2015
Botswana Ian Khama 17 August 2015 - 2016
Eswatini King Mswati III 2016 - 2017
South Africa Jacob ZumaCyril Ramaphosa 2017 - 2018
Namibia Hage Geingob 17 August 2018 - 17 August 2019
Tanzania John Magufuli 17 August 2019 - 17 August 2020
Mozambique Filipe Nyusi 17 August 2020 - 17 August 2021
Malawi Lazarus Chakwera 17 August 2021 - 17 August 2022
Democratic Republic of Congo Felix Tshisekedi 17 August 2022 - 17 August 2023
Angola Joao Lourenco 17 August - Present

Bakwaledi bagolo

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Lefatshe Leina Lobaka
Namibia Kaire Mbuende 1994 - 2000
Mauritius Prega Ramsamy 2000 - 2021 (a tshwareletse)

2001 - 2005

Mozambique Tomaz Salomao 2005 - 2013
Tanzania Stergomena Tax 2013 - 2021
Botswana Elias Mpedi Magosi 2021 - Present

Kitso Tlaleletso

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Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Schenoni, Luis L. (3 April 2018). "The Southern African unipolarity". Journal of Contemporary African Studies. 36 (2): 207–228. doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1364355. S2CID 158137607 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Shinn, David H.; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21001-0.
  3. ↑ "Member States". Southern African Development Community. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  4. ↑ "Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density" (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division: 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  5. ↑ "Population, total - Angola, Botswana, Comoros, Congo, Dem. Rep., Eswatini, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "IMF World Economic Outlook Database". International Monetary Fund. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  7. ↑ "Communiqué of the 37th Summit SADC of Heads of State and Government or Tambo Building, Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO) Pretoria, South Africa" (PDF). Southern African Development Community. 20 August 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  8. ↑ "The Union of Comoros becomes the 16th SADC Member State". Southern African Development Community. 20 August 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  9. ↑ Tore, Ozgur. "Comoros joins Southern African Development Community – SADC". ftnnews.com. FTN News. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  10. ↑ "SADC Lifts Madagascar Suspension". SADC. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  11. ↑ Nakale, Albertina (22 August 2017). "Southern Africa: Comoros Admitted into SADC". Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  12. ↑ Organisation of SADC Games to cost a million dollars. Panapress (11 May 2003). Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  13. ↑ Valy, Bayano (June 2004). The first Under-20 Zone Six SADC Games. SADC Today, Vol.7 No.2 June 2004. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  14. ↑ "SADC adopts Kiswahili as 4th working language – The Mast Online". Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  15. ↑ Mazrui, Ali Al'Amin. (1995). Swahili state and society : the political economy of an African language. East African Educational Publishers. ISBN 0-85255-729-9. OCLC 441402890.
  16. ↑ Southern African Development Community :: SADC Protocols. Sadc.int. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  17. ↑ "South African Development Community". sadc.int. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  18. ↑ "Southern African Development Community". sadc.int. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  19. ↑ Johannes, Muntschick (9 October 2017). The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU) : Regionalism and External Influence. Cham, Switzerland. pp. 187–228. ISBN 9783319453309. OCLC 1005921955.
  20. ↑ "Free Trade Area". Southern African Development Community. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  21. ↑ "Southern African Development Community Protocol on Trade" (PDF). Southern African Development Community. 1996. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  22. ↑ Mbola, Bathandwa (18 August 2008). "SADC launches free trade area". Southafrica.info – Brand South Africa portal website. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  23. ↑ "Angola joins SADC free trade zone from August 2019". macuhub. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  24. ↑ "Free Trade Area". Southern African Development Community. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  25. ↑ "African free trade zone is agreed". 22 October 2008.
  26. ↑ Silence Mugadzaweta (20 February 2023). "Botswana, Namibia to abolish passports: Citizens of the two countries will now use identity cards". NewsDay Zimbabwe. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  27. ↑ Mqondisi Dube (13 March 2023). "Botswana, Zimbabwe to Discuss Eliminating Use of Passports". VOA. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  28. ↑ "SADC: Address Members' Rights Issues". 14 August 2014.
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