Wikipedia

Tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika

Diponelopele di supa fa tlhaelo ya metsi mo kgaolong ya Aforika e tlaabo e goletse pele ka ngwaga wa 2025, go fopholeditswe gore bobedi mo borarong jwa dipalopalo tsa batho mo lefatsheng ka bophara di tla itemogela tlhaelo ya metsi a a phepha e bile a babalesegile. Tlhaelo e ya metsi e bakiwa ke kgolo e e bofefo ya dipalo tsa batho, tlhaelo ya madi le lefatshe go itepatepanya le palo ya batho e e tlhokang metsi, le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le loapi. Tlhaelo ya metsi ke letlhoko la metsi a phepa go itepatepanya le patlo e e kwa godimo ya metsi.[1] Le ntswa kgaolo e e kwa borwa ja sekaka sa Sahara e na le motswedi o montsi wa metsi a pula, e bonwa ka dipaka dingwe mme ebile e sa ne lefelo lotlhe, se se baka merwalela le komelelo gangwe le gape.[2] Fa godimo ga foo, dikgang tsa kgolo ya itsholelo le lehuma fa di kopanngwa le kgolo ya bofefo ya palo ya batho le go fuduga ga batho go ya kwa ditoropong go bakile gore kgaolo ya borwa jwa Sahara e nne yone e e humanegileng e bile e sa tlhabologa go gaisa dikgaolo tsotlhe.[2]

Tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika
Motswedi wa metsi kwa motseng wa Mwamanogu , Tanzania. Kwa Meatu District, Kgaolo ya Shinyanga , metsi gantsi a tswa mo mafuting a a bulegileng a a epilweng mo motlhabeng o o fa tlase ga dinoka tse di omeletseng mme a ka tswa a kgotlhelesegile

Pego ya ngwaga wa 2012 e e neng e kwalwa ke ba Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, e supa fa go golela pele ga tlhaelo ya metsi e le nngwe ya sekgoreletsi se se kwa pele mo tlhabologong.[3] Se ke ka ntata ya gore mekgatsha ya dinoka e le mentsi e itemogela tlhaelo ya metsi ka patlo ya metsi ya temothuo le makalana a mangwe e tsweletse ka go golela pele. Tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika e amile tsa botsogo (segolo jang bomme le bana) go tsena ka tsa thuto, go ntsha maduo mo go tsa temothuo, tlhabololo le kgonagalo ya dikgogakgogano tse dingwe ka metsi.


Go baakanya kgang ya tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika, lekgotla la United Nations Economic Commission for Africa le gatelela botlhokwa jwa go beeletsa madi mo tlhabololong ya metswedi e e nang le kgonagalo ya go ntsha metsi mo Aforika. Se se ka tlhabolola tshireletso ya dijo le metsi le go sireletsa kgolo ya itsholelo ka go laola komelelo, merwalela le sekaka.[4]

Ditso fetola

Tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika
 
Makgarebe a mo gae go tswa kwa Babile (Ethiopia) ba tlatsa diemere tsa polaseteke kwa motsweding wa metsi o mogolo kwa kgaolong e o.

Kgaolo ya borwa jwa sekaka sa Sahara ya sub-saharan Africa, e na le palo e ntsi ya mafatshe a a tlhaelelwang ke metsi go fetisa mafelo otlhe mo lefatsheng, mo palong e e akanyediwang ya di milione di le makgolo a ferabobedi ya batho ba ba nnang mo Aforika, makgolo a le mararo a nna mo tikologong e e senang metsi.[5] Go ya ka dipatlisiso tse di boletsweng kwa bokopanong jwa ngwaga wa 2012 jwa tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika: mathata le dikgwetlho "Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges", go akanyediwa fa ka ngwaga wa 2030, batho ba le dimilione di le masome a supa le botlhano go ya kwa go ba le makgolo a mabedi le botlhano jwa di milione mo Aforika ba tla bo ba nna mo dikgaolong tse di tlhaelang metsi mo go ka bakang phudugo ya batho ba ka nna di milione di le masome a mabedi le bone go ema ka ba le di milione di le makgolo a supa, ka jaana mafelo a o a tla bo a sa tlhole a nnega.[5]


Tlhaelo ya metsi ke letlhoko la metsi a a phepha go mekamekana le palo ya batho ba ba dirisang metsi. Go na le mefuta e le mebedi ya tlhaelo ya metsi: tlhaelo ya metsi ka bo one le tlhaelo ya metsi e e amanang le itsholelo. Tlhaelo ya metsi ke fa go sena metsi a a lekaneng batho ba ba a dirisang go akaretsa a a tlhokafalang gore dimela, diphologolo le tikologo di nne sentle. Mafelo a a omeletseng jaaka legare le bophirima jwa Asia le borwa jwa Aforika, gantsi a lebanwa ke tlhaelo ya metsi. Tlhaelo ya metsi e e itebagantseng le itsholelo yone ke ka lebaka la go tlhoka go beeletsa madi mo didirisiweng kgotsa maanyane go epa metsi mo melapong, maje a a ntshang metsi le metswedi e mengwe ya metsi, kgotsa tlhaelo ya batho ba ba dirisang metsi. Bophara jwa kgaolo ya borwa jwa Sahara e itemogela tlhaelo ya metsi e e amanang le itsholelo.


Go na le metsi a a phepa mo lefatsheng ka bophara a a lekaneng e bilwe go akanyediwa fa a ka lekana batho ba ba a tlhokang, Ka jalo, tlhaelo ya metsi e bakiwa ke pharologanyo gareng ga gore batho ba tlhoka metsi ba le ko kae le gore leng le gore metsi one a ko kae ebile a nna teng leng. Sengwe sa dilo tse di bakang kgolo ya batho ba ba tlhokang metsi ke kgolo ya palo ya batho mo lefatsheng, go tlhabolola seemo sa botshelo, go fetola methale ya ka fa go jewang ka teng (sekai, go ja se diphologolong di se ntshang) le go atolosa temo e e nosediwang. Phetogo ya bosa (go akaretsa merwalela le komelelo), go epiwa ga ditlhare, kgotlhelo ya metsi le go dirisa metsi botlhaswa go ka baka tlhaelo ya metsi. Tlhaelo ga e tshwane ka ntata ya go nna teng ga pula ka tlholego, mme go farologanngwa thata ke melao ya tsa itsholelo, maano le ditsela tsa go laola tiriso ga beteledipele.

Pharologano go ya ka dikgaolo fetola

Dikgaolo tsa bokone jwa Africa le ya Sub-Sahara di itemogela go gatela pele mo seelong sa tlhabololo sa Millennium Development Goal ka lobelo lo lo farologaneng.[2] Fa masome a ferabongwe le bobedi mo lekgolong jwa Aforika bo na le metsi a phepa, Sub-Sahara yone ke masome a le marataro fela mo lekgolong a a nang le metsi a babalesegileng go nowa - se se tlogela masome a mane mo lekgolo a batho ba le di milione di le makgolo a supa masome a ferabobedi le boraro mo kgaolong e o ba ba senang metsi.[2]


Dingwe tsa dipharologano mo go nneng teng ga metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa di bakiwa ke seemo se se maswe sa bosa sa Aforika. Le ntswa kgaolo ya Sub-Saraha e na le metsi a mantsi, a bonwa ka dipaka dingwe e bile ga a anama le lefatshe, se se baka merwalela le dikomelelo.[2] Fa godimo ga foo, tlhabologo ya itsholelo le lehuma, ga mmogo le kgolo ya palo ya batho le phudugo go ya kwa ditoropong, go bakile gore kgaolo ya borwa jwa Sahara e nne yone e e humanegileng e bile e sa tlhabologa go gaisa dikgaolo tsotlhe.[2] Ka jalo kgwetlho e ya lehuma e kgoreletsa ditoropo di le dintsi mo kgaolong go ka ntsha metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa le kgopo ya metsi a a leswe, le go hema kwelo tlase ya boleng jwa metsi le fa go nna le ditshono tsa go rarabolola mathata a a metsi.[2] Koketsego ya palo ya batho le yone e baka go oketsega ga mafelo a go nniwang mo go one a a tshabelelwang ke merwalela e bile a le borai.[2]


Pego ya mo bosheng ya SDG goal 6 e umakile dintlha di le mmalwa ka seemo sa metsi mo kgaolong ya Sub-Sahara di akaretsa go sa nneng phepa le ka go amang seemo sa dikotla bogolo jang mo baneng ka ntata ya koketsego ya malwetsi a a tshelanwang. Gape, bongwe mo borarong jwa batho ba ba nnang mo kgaolong ya Sub-Sahara ba mo kotsing ya tlala ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dijo. Kgaolo e gape e tlhaela metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa ka di peresente di le masome a supa le borataro jwa lekgolo fa 6% ya kgaolo ya Europa le Bokone jwa Amerika bo sa akarediwe.[6]

Tse di bakang tlhaelo ya metsi fetola

Tlhaelo ya metsi le itsholelo fetola

Tlhaelo ya metsi ke tlholego mme gape go dirwa ke motho.[7] Ka jalo go botlhokwa go kgaoganya ka mefuta e le mebedi: Tlhaelo ka ntata ya itsholelo, le tlhaelo ka tlholego. Tlhaelo ya itsholelo ke ka go bo go bona motswedi o o ikanyegang e bile o babalesegile wa metsi go o ja nako e bile go tura. Tlhaelo ya metsi ka tlholego yone ke fa go sena metsi a alekaneng mo kgaolong nngwe.[8]

United Nations Commission for Africa ya ngwaga wa 2006, e akanyetsa fa batho ba le di milione di le makgolo a mararo go tswa mo go ba le di milione di le makgolo a ferabobedi ba ba nnang mo kgaolong ya Aforika ba tshelela mo tikologong e e tlhaelang metsi.[4] Segolo bogolo kwa bokone jwa Aforika le borwa jwa Aforika, go ya godimo ga mogote le phetego ya seemo sa bosa go okeditse modikologo wa go na ga dipula se sa baka gore dipaka tsa komelelo di omelele go gaisa, mme ga oketsa dipaka tsa lenyora tse di tseneletseng ebile di nna kgapetsakgapetsa. Se se ama go nna teng, boleng le bontsi jwa metsi ka metsi a ile kwa tlase mo melapong le mo megobeng le go omeletsa maje a a ntshang metsi kwa bokone le borwa jwa dikgaolo tsa Aforika.


Ngwe ya tse di akareditsweng mo karolong ya tlhaelo ya metsi ke kgang ya go dirisiwa botlhaswa kgotsa go tlhoka go tlhokomela tiriso ya metsi. Se se ama go fokotsega ga makadiba a magolo mo Aforika, a akaretsa la Nakivale, Nakuru le lekadiba la Lake Chad, le le gonyetseng ka lesome mo lekgolong la botona jwa lone jwa pele.[9] Ka tsa melao, tlhotlheletso ya tiriso e e fetileng selekanyo ke dingwe tsa tse di tsisang tshenyo, bogolo jang fa go lebilwe go epa metsi mo lefatsheng. Mo metsing a a mo lefatsheng, fa pompo e setse e tsentswe, molao wa mafatshe ka bontsi ke go e ntsha fela fa ba lebile gore motlakase o lopa bokae le go fokotsa tlhwatlhwa ya motlakase mo go tsa temothuo, selo se se senya tsela ya go babalela didirisiwa tsa go nna jalo.[9] Fagodimo ga foo, mafatshe a le mantsi mo Aforika a isitse tlhwatlhwa ya metsi kwa tlase ga seelo, ka jalo ba sa rotloetse go dirisa metsi sentle.[9]

Phetogo ya loapi fetola

Go ya ka bokopano jwa Africa Partnership Forum, le ntswa Aforika e le kontinente e kwa tlase mo go tse di bakang phetogo ya loapi, ke yone kontinente e e amiwang thata ke ditlamorago tsa yone phetogo e. Go fetoga ga ka fa dipula di nang ka teng go ama temo go bo go fokotsa tshireletso ya dijo, go bo go kgotlhela tshireletso ya metsi; go fokotsa ditlhapi mo metsing ka ntlha ya mogote o montsi; go bo go fetola ka fa malwetsi a a bakiwang go lomiwa ke ditshidinyana a tsenang ka teng, go ya ko godimo ga metsi a lewatle go ama mafelo a a agetsweng kwa tlase mme a na le dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa batho.[10] Dieemo tse di ka ama boleng le bontsi jwa metsi a bana ba a tlhokang go ka tshela.[11]


Dipatlisiso di akanyetsa fa ka ngwaga wa 20150 pula mo Sub-Saharan Africa e tla wela tlase ka lesome mo lekgolong, mo go tla baka tlhaelo ya metsi e e tseneletseng. Phokotsego e ya lesome mo lekgolong e tla fokotsa kgopo ka lesome le bosupa mo lekgolong mme mafelo a a itemogelang di milimithara di le makgolo a matlhano go ya kwa makgolo a ferabobedi a dipula a tla bona kwelo tlase ka masome a matlhano go ya kwa go le a mararo mo lekgolong mo kelelong ya metsi mo godimo ga lefatshe.[12] Pego ya Human Development e akanyetsa gape fa mogote o tla ya kwa godimo ka pula e tla bo e fokotsegile ka lesome mo lekgolong mo dikgaolong tse di mo teng ga Aforika.[9] Komelelo le merwalela di supiwa fa ele tsone tse di borai mo tlhaelong ya metsi. [13]Go thuthafala mo e tla bo e le mo go kwa godimo mo dikgaolong tse di sa itemogeleng pula e ntsi kwa Sahara, go bapa le Sahel le mafelo a a mo borwa jwa Aforika.[9]

Tse di amegileng fetola

Botsogo fetola

Batho ba ba tshelelang mo mafelong a a senang metsi ba felela ba dirisa metswedi ya metsi a a sa babalesegang go nowa, se se baka koketsego ya malwetsi a a anamang ka metsi a akaretsa letshoroma (typhoid fever), cholera, mala a mahibidu (dysentery) le letshololo (diarrhea).[14] Tlhaelo ya metsi e baka gape gore batho ba bee metsi mo matlung, mme se se oketsa borai jwa kgotlhelesego ya metsi le dtiragalo tsa malwetsi a malaria le letshoroma la dengue le le bakiwang ke go lomiwa ke monang.[14] Malwetsi a a anamisiwang ke metsi gantsi ga a fitlhelwe mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologileng ka ditsela tsa go tlhatswa metsi e le tse di tseneletseng di kgona go ntsha leswe le go phephafatsa metsi, mme ba ba nnang kwa go senang didirisiwa tse metsi a bone a a bo a sa tlhatswiwa thata mme a nne le diboko tse dinnye tse di tsamaisang bolwetse le megare.[8] Le fa bontsi jwa malwetse a a anamisiwang ka metsi a alafesega ebile a kgona go thibilwa, ke mangwe a malwetse a a bakang losong mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Batho ba le 2.2 million ba a tlhokafala ngwaga le ngwaga ka ntlha ya malwetse a a amanang le letshololo, gape ka nako nngwe le nngwe 50% ya malao kwa dipateleng a a bo a robetse balwetse ba malwetse a a amanang le metsi.[15] Masea le bana ba mo diphatseng tsa go tsenwa ke malwetse a ka masole a bone a mmele a santse a sa itekanela,[8] golo mo go baka koketsego ya dintsho tsa masea mo dikgaolong di le dintsi tsa Aforika.

Fa ba amilwe ke malwetsi a a metsi, batho ba ba tshelelang mo dikgaolong tsa Aforika ba ba nang le tlhaelo ya metsi ga ba kgone go nna le seabe mo perekong le tlhabololo ya kgaolo ka ba a bo ba sena maatla. Fa godimo ga foo, didirisiwa tsa puso, tsa motho ka bongwe le tsa sechaba di a amega ka madi a bo janong a dirisiwa mo go rekeng melemo e e alafang malwetsi a a anamisiwang ke metsi, a ka bo a dirisiwa mo go tsa dijo le dithutego.[8]

Metswedi fetola

  1. ↑ "Water Scarcity | Threats | WWF". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 "International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015". Retrieved 1 April 2013.
  3. ↑ FAO (2012). Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security, FAO Rome.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth" (PDF). Retrieved 05 April 2023
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges". Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  6. ↑ United Nations. Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All. Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/publications/SDG6_SR2018.pdf
  7. ↑ "International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015". Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water & Access". Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 "Water Scarcity, Risk, and Vulnerability". Retrieved 05April 2023
  10. ↑ "Climate Change in Africa" (PDF). Retrieved 05 April 2023.
  11. ↑ "Water and the global climate crisis: 10 things you should know". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  12. ↑ Stocker, Thomas (2014). Climate change 2013: the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. ISBN 978-1-107-05799-9. OCLC 879855060.
  13. ↑ Reinacher, L. (2013 Oct 3). The Water Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Borgen Project.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "10 Facts About Water Scarcity". Archived from the original on November 16, 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  15. ↑ "The Facts About The Global Drinking Water Crisis". 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
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